An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception.

Jacoby, Larry L.; Whitehouse, Kevin

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.118.2.126

Cited by 670 publications

(731 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Consequently, the absolute amount of processing fluency (i.e., due to both pre-exposure and picture quality effects) should influence their judgment. Similar results for familiarity have often been observed by using an imperceptible factor to enhance fluency for a portion of the test items (e.g., Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989;Lloyd et al, 2003;Westerman, 2001). Second, a more perceptible but still small quality difference might allow participants to expect to be able to process stimuli more or less efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Willems

Linden

2006

Consciousness and Cognition

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In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjectsÕ expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjectsÕ awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Willems

Linden

2006

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Voss and Paller (2012) suggest that their effects are based on fluency of perceptual processing of the encoded representations, and this seems very reasonable given that the items were complex and relatively meaningless visual patterns. In the present case, the correct selection of the target word when confidence was zero may also be attributable to the greater perceptual fluency of processing targets relative to lures (Jacoby and Whitehouse (1989). Alternatively, Chechile, Sloboda, and Chamberland (2012) have suggested that implicit and explicit recognition differ simply in the adequacy (e.g., strength, vividness) of the encoded representation, with weakly represented items being insufficient to support explicit recognition, but still sufficient to select the correct item while claiming that the choice was simply a guess.…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…In contrast, correct guess responses were associated with frontal-occipital negative potentials occurring 200 -400 ms after stimulus onset. The authors speculate that the distinct mechanism underlying the phenomenon of recognition without awareness may reflect a stimulus-specific enhancement of perceptual fluency (e.g., Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989), with this subtle change in processing yielding enough information to support a correct recognition choice, although not enough to give rise to any conscious feeling of remembering.…”

Section: Modeling Interplay Between Affect and Deliberationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

137

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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“…This prediction was confirmed in Experiment 3, in which a larger bias was found for old faces-those shown both in the baseline-ID task and the hindsight task-compared with new faces shown only in hindsight. Jacoby and Whitehouse (1989) found that participants who were aware of why fluency had been enhanced were able to discount the fluency. Only when participants were made unaware of the source of the enhanced fluency did they misattribute it to something else.…”

Section: Fluency-misattribution Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The "Saw-It-All-Along" Effect: Demonstrations of Visual Hindsight Bias.

Harley

Carlsen²,

Loftus³

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

124

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The authors address whether a hindsight bias exists for visual perception tasks. In 3 experiments, participants identified degraded celebrity faces as they resolved to full clarity (Phase 1). Following Phase 1, participants either recalled the level of blur present at the time of Phase 1 identification or predicted the level of blur at which a peer would make an accurate identification. In all experiments, participants overestimated identification performance of naive observers. Visual hindsight bias was greater for more familiar faces-those shown in both phases of the experiment-and was not reduced following instructions to participants to avoid the bias. The authors propose a fluency-misattribution theory to account for the bias and discuss implications for medical malpractice litigation and eyewitness testimony.

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An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception.

Cited by 670 publications

References 31 publications

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The "Saw-It-All-Along" Effect: Demonstrations of Visual Hindsight Bias.

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