“…A popular kinetic model, namely, the discrete Boltzmann equation in the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model with a single relaxation time under an external force, may be reproduced as follows [ 9 , 18 , 22 , 27 , 29 ]: where f α eq is the equilibrium distribution function, f α is the distribution function, τ is the single relaxation parameter, δ t is the time interval, e α is the particle velocity, and ω α is a weight coefficient that is determined by the selected lattice velocity model. In the present study, a 2D lattice with nine velocity components, referred to as D2Q9, was employed.…”