An immune-based biomarker signature is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients

Abstract

are employees of and own stock in BioAegis Therapeutics, Inc. which is developing recombinant human plasma gelsolin for potential clinical use. Other authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

The cytokine storm in COVID-19: Further advances in our understanding the role of specific chemokines involved

“…al [ 9 ] CC FAMILY CCL1 Lucas et. al [ 9 ] CCL2 Xiong et al ; Zhou et al; Liao et al; Chua et al ; Chi et al, Lucas et al, Blanco-Melo et al ; Li et al; Huang et al ; Tincati et al, Moratto et al ; Zhang et al ; Chen et al; Abers et al;Kwon et al, Sierra et al, Yao et al [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [20] , [21] , [22] , 28 , 34 , 36 , [44] , [45] , [46] , 54 ] CCL3 Xiong et al; Zhou et al ; Liao et al ; Chua et al, Chi et al,Chen et al ; Sierra et al; Gruber et al ; Yao et al [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , 36 , 46 , 50 , 54 ] CCL4 Xiong et al ; Zhou et al ; Liao et al ; Lucas et. al.…”

“…As previously reported, CCL2 (together with CXCL10) was appear to be associated to disease severity in COVID-19 patients [ 36 ]. Higher CCL2 levels were also independently associated (together with other immune soluble biomarkers) with mortality in COVID-19 patients [ 44 ]. Kwon et al, confirmed that plasma concentrations of CCL2 (as well as of CXCL10, CXCL8 and CXCL9) were higher in patients with, severe or critical disease, compared with patients with mild disease but, only CCL2, among the cytokines/chemokines analyzed, was positively correlated with the viral load [ 45 ].…”

“…The idea that CXCL10 and CCL2 should be regarded as “dominant” in the chemokine immune signature stems from the number of studies consistently reporting their crucial role in the onset of the cytokine storm of COVID-19 and from their relevance in determining specific features of this condition. Indeed, among the several chemokines which have been evaluated and found to be involved in COVID-19, CXCL10 and CCL2 were found to be the most up-regulated ones as compared to controls, showing different degrees of correlation with the viral load as well as with several peculiar symptoms (asthenia, dyspnea, anosmia) [ 5 , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [21] , [22] , [23] , 29 , 36 , 37 , [44] , [45] , [46] , 49 , 54 , [65] , [66] , [67] ]. Most importantly, CXCL10 and CCL2 were identified to be rather good markers of disease severity since their circulating levels progressively increase in patients with moderate, mild and severe clinical manifestations.…”

Early measurement of blood sST2 is a good predictor of death and poor outcomes in patients admitted for COVID-19 infection

“…This is suggestive that decline in sST2 is delayed with regard to clinical improvement. Other reports have shown persistently elevated sST2 levels in severe COVID-19 cases as long as 30 days after clinical onset 17,19 . It remains to be elucidated whether sST2 will recover completely to normal values and whether persistent sST2 levels would associate to clinical sequalae in COVID -19 patients.…”

Interferons and other cytokines, genetics and beyond in COVID-19 and autoimmunity

“…For instance, significant increases of MMP-9 and associations with disease severity were detected in a hamster model of COVID-19 [ 68 ]. Similarly, MMP-9 and other proteases are out of balance in the circulation of patients with severe COVID-19 and MMP-9 is a relevant biomarker for COVID-19-related mortality [ 69 ]. A number of questions come to the forefront.…”