An implicit memory of errors limits human sensorimotor adaptation

Albert, Scott T.; Jang, Jihoon; Sheahan, Hannah; Teunissen, Lonneke; Vandevoorde, Koenraad; Shadmehr, Reza

doi:10.1101/868406

Cited by 24 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Lastly, we do not claim that other mechanisms affecting learning do not contribute to asymptotic behavior (Albert et al, 2019), or that a state-space model with gradual decay towards zero is generally invalid (Brennan & Smith, 2015). What we suggest is that one potentially major aspect determining the magnitude of asymptotic errors is a speed accuracy trade-off.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…A new approach to the state-space model is that residual errors in adaptation paradigms are caused by implicit processes that tune the sensitivity to errors until it reaches the equilibrium with constant forgetting (Albert et al, 2019). The authors in this recent study manipulated the variability of the perturbation and found that residual errors increase with the perturbations' variance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prolonged reaction times help to eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

Langsdorf

Maresch

Hegele

et al. 2019

Preprint

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20One persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is the fact that participants often 21 reach a learning asymptote well below full compensation. This incomplete asymptote has been 22 manipulating the planning time, we asked participants to continuously report their movement 34 aim. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies also leads to full asymptotic 35 learning, supporting the idea that prolonged motor planning may involve a parametric rotation 36 of aiming direction whose premature termination yields incomplete asymptotic learning 37 (experiment 3). Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete 38 adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy tradeoff, perhaps related to 39 cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the 40 goal. 41 42

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged reaction times help to eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

Langsdorf

Maresch

Hegele

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If implicit and explicit systems share an error source, each system's current response can be shaped not solely by past experience, but also by changes in the other system. This may explain a potential disconnect between studies that have suggested that experience-dependent increases in learning rate are subserved solely by flexible explicit strategies 28,[33][34][35][36] , and studies that have pointed to concomitant changes in implicit learning systems 17,37,38 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems

Albert¹,

Jang²,

Haith³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Sensorimotor adaptation benefits from learning in two parallel systems: one that has access to explicit knowledge, and another that relies on implicit, unconscious correction. However, it is unclear how these systems interact: does enhancing one system's contributions, for example through instruction, impair the other, or do they learn independently? Here we illustrate that certain contexts can lead to competition between implicit and explicit learning. In some cases, each system is responsive to a task-related visual error. This shared error appears to create competition between these systems, such that when the explicit system increases its response, errors are siphoned away from the implicit system, thus reducing its learning. This model suggests that explicit strategy can mask changes in implicit error sensitivity related to savings and interference. Other contexts suggest that the implicit system can respond to multiple error sources. When these error sources conflict, a second type of competition occurs. Thus, the data show that during sensorimotor adaptation, behavior is shaped by competition between parallel learning systems.

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“…Another possible disadvantage of implicit optimization is that many have found adaptation that relies solely on an implicit process will be incompleteeven after many trials, residual errors, or an asymptotic offset, persist (Albert et al 2020;Bond and Taylor 2015). Albert et al (2020) demonstrated that this offset is a signature of implicit learning and its magnitude relates to one's sensitivity to past errors. In our experiment, our inability to precisely identify the energy optimal gait makes it difficult to determine if adaptation was incomplete.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Optimization During Walking Can Be a Primarily Implicit Process

McAllister

Blair

Donelan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Gait adaptations, in response to novel environments, devices or changes to the body, can be driven by the continuous optimization of energy expenditure. However, whether energy optimization is primarily an implicit process—occurring automatically and with minimal cognitive attention—or an explicit process—occurring as a result of a conscious, attention-demanding, strategy—remains unclear. Here, we use a dual-task paradigm to test whether energy optimization during walking is primarily an implicit or explicit process. To create our primary energy optimization task, we used lower-limb exoskeletons to shift people’s energetically optimal step frequency to frequencies lower than normally preferred. Our secondary task, designed to draw explicit attention from the optimization task, was an auditory tone discrimination task. We found that adding this secondary task did not disrupt energy optimization during walking; participants in our dual-task experiment adapted their step frequency toward the optima by an amount similar to participants in our previous single-task experiment. We also found that performance on the tone discrimination task did not worsen when participants were optimizing for energetic cost; accuracy scores and reaction times remained unchanged when the exoskeleton altered the energy optimal gaits. Survey responses suggest that dual-task participants were largely unaware of the changes they made to their gait to optimize energy, whereas single-task participants were more aware of their gait changes yet did not leverage this explicit awareness to improve gait optimization. Collectively, our results suggest that energy optimization is primarily an implicit process, allowing attentional resources to be directed toward other cognitive and motor objectives during walking.Summary statementPeople can adapt to energy optimal walking patterns without being consciously aware they are doing so. This allows people to discover energetically efficient gaits while preserving attentional resources for other tasks.

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An implicit memory of errors limits human sensorimotor adaptation

Cited by 24 publications

References 84 publications

Prolonged reaction times help to eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

Prolonged reaction times help to eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems

Energy Optimization During Walking Can Be a Primarily Implicit Process

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