An Improved Accurate Solver for the Time-Dependent RTE in Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Illi, Elmehdi; Bouanani, Faïssal El; Park, Kihong; Ayoub, Fouad; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2929122

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Absorption and scattering are the two main causes of optical signal attenuation under water. Several previous studies have performed numerical simulations to estimate the attenuation [8], [47], [48]. These include solving the radiative transfer equation, which is time-consuming and complex, but precise; or using simplified models (e.g.…”

Section: B Iout Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, the relationship between the received light intensity (L(t, r, θ, ϕ)) and the transmitted optical power (S(t)) expressed in spherical coordinates (r, θ, ϕ) can be defined by the well-known radiative transfer differential equation [49]. One of the most accurate solvers for this differential equation in underwater optical communications was proposed by Illi et al [48], who have formulated their time-domain approach as,…”

Section: B Iout Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics—A Comprehensive Survey

Jahanbakht

Wang

Hanzo

et al. 2021

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

282

111

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The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging communication ecosystem developed for connecting underwater objects in maritime and underwater environments. The IoUT technology is intricately linked with intelligent boats and ships, smart shores and oceans, automatic marine transportations, positioning and navigation, underwater exploration, disaster prediction and prevention, as well as with intelligent monitoring and security. The IoUT has an influence at various scales ranging from a small scientific observatory, to a midsized harbor, and to covering global oceanic trade. The network architecture of IoUT is intrinsically heterogeneous and should be sufficiently resilient to operate in harsh environments. This creates major challenges in terms of underwater communications, whilst relying on limited energy resources. Additionally, the volume, velocity, and variety of data produced by sensors, hydrophones, and cameras in IoUT is enormous, giving rise to the concept of Big Marine Data (BMD), which has its own processing challenges. Hence, conventional data processing techniques will falter, and bespoke Machine Learning (ML) solutions have to be employed for automatically learning the specific BMD behavior and features facilitating knowledge extraction and decision support. The motivation of this paper is to comprehensively survey the IoUT, BMD, and their synthesis. It also aims for exploring the nexus of BMD with ML. We set out from underwater data collection and then discuss the family of IoUT data communication techniques with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art research challenges. We then review the suite of ML solutions suitable for BMD handling and analytics. We treat the subject deductively from an educational perspective, critically appraising the material surveyed. Accordingly, the reader will become familiar with the pivotal issues of IoUT and BMD processing, whilst gaining an insight into the state-of-theart applications, tools, and techniques. Finally, we analyze of the architectural challenges of the IoUT, followed by proposing a range of promising direction for research and innovation in the broad areas of IoUT and BMD. Our hope is to inspire researchers, engineers, data scientists, and governmental bodies to further progress the field, to develop new tools and techniques, as well as to make informed decisions and set regulations related to the maritime and underwater environments around the world.

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Section: B Iout Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Iout Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics—A Comprehensive Survey

Jahanbakht

Wang

Hanzo

et al. 2021

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

282

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[34] BSF Lower mathematical complexity and simplicity. [35] RTE Improved accurate solver for time-dependent RTE.…”

Section: Ref Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of 3 dB Optical Intensity Spot Radius of Laser Beam under Scattering Underwater Channel

Wang

Rajbhandari

et al. 2020

Sensors

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An important step in the design of receiver aperture and optimal spacing of the diversity scheme for an underwater laser communication system is to accurately characterize the two-dimensional (2D) spatial distribution of laser beam intensity. In this paper, the 2D optical intensity distribution and 3 dB optical intensity spot radius (OISR) are investigated due to the dominating optical intensity of laser beam being within the 3 dB OISR. By utilizing the Henyey–Greenstein function to compute the scattering angles of photons, the effects of the scattering underwater optical channel and optical system parameters on 3 dB OISR are examined based on the Monte Carlo simulation method. We have shown for the first time that in the channel with a high density of scattering particles, the divergence angle of the laser source plays a negligible role in 3 dB OISR. This is an interesting phenomenon and important for optical communication as this clearly shows that the geometric loss is no longer important for the design of receiver aperture and optimal spacing of the diversity scheme for the underwater laser communication system in the highly scattering channel.

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“…UWOC systems, operating in the blue/green portion of the spectrum in the 400-550 nm wavelength band, promise high data rates, low-latency, high transmission security, and reduced energy consumption, compared with their acoustic counterparts [1], [6], [7]. However, UWOC systems suffer from severe absorption and scattering introduced by the underwater channel [1], [8]- [12] as well as underwater optical turbulence (UOT) that results from rapid changes in the refractive index of the water caused by temperature fluctuations, salinity variations as well as the presence of air bubbles in seawater [13]- [17]. As a consequence, the received optical intensity undergoes rapid fluctuations which may degrade the UWOC system performance and affect its reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems Over Mixture Exponential-Generalized Gamma Turbulence Channels

Zedini

Kammoun

Soury

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Commun.

Self Cite

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In this work, we present a unified framework for the performance analysis of dual-hop underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems with amplify-and-forward fixed gain relays in the presence of air bubbles and temperature gradients. Operating under either heterodyne detection or intensity modulation with direct detection, the UWOC is modeled by the unified mixture Exponential-Generalized Gamma distribution that we have proposed based on an experiment conducted in an indoor laboratory setup and has been shown to provide an excellent fit with the measured data under the considered lab channel scenarios. More specifically, we derive the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the probability density function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in exact closed-form in terms of the bivariate Fox's H function. Based on this CDF expression, we present novel results for the fundamental performance metrics such as the outage probability, the average bit-error rate (BER) for various modulation schemes, and the ergodic capacity. Additionally, very tight asymptotic results for the outage probability and the average BER at high SNR are obtained in terms of simple functions.

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An Improved Accurate Solver for the Time-Dependent RTE in Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics—A Comprehensive Survey

Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics—A Comprehensive Survey

Investigation of 3 dB Optical Intensity Spot Radius of Laser Beam under Scattering Underwater Channel

Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems Over Mixture Exponential-Generalized Gamma Turbulence Channels

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