“…Compared with Tabu search and genetic algorithm (GA), ACO is less applied in VRPTW. However, ACO has successfully been applied to solve capacitated vehicle routing problems, such as (Bullnheimer, Hartl, & Strauss, 1999;Doerner et al, 2002;Doerner, Hartl, Kiechle, Lucka, & Reimann, 2004;Mazzeo & Loiseau, 2004;Yao & Yao, 2007;Yu, Yang, & Yao, 2009).…”