“…For fatigue, the effect of cycle asymmetry is taken into account. At subsequent levels, the regularities are generalized to nonisothermal loading, three-dimensional stress state, anisotropy, bimodularity (Abdul-Latif, 2021;Betten, 2008;Ferreira et al, 2022;Gorash, 2014;Guo et al, 2021;Kachanov, 1986;Krajcinovic, 1996;Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1990;Mattiello and Desmorat, 2021;Meyers and Chawla, 2009;Murakami, 2012;Naumenko and Altenbach, 2016;Rabotnov, 1969;Sattar et al, 2022), etc. At each of these levels, 1) the accumulation of experimental data and 2) the construction of mathematical models adequate to them takes place.…”