An improved digital image watermarking scheme using the discrete Fourier transform and singular value decomposition

Varghese, Justin; Saudia, S.; Hussain, Omer Bin; Nallaperumal, Krishnan; Saady, Mohammed Ramadan; Khan, Mohamed Samiulla

doi:10.3906/elk-1409-12

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…is the standard modular function, i and j are the pixel position in the original image matrix, and i and j are the new pixel position in the transformed image matrix. That is, the pixel at the position (i, j) of original image matrix will be transformed to a new position (i , j ) by (7), which will change the order of matrix pixels and enhances the security in visual identification of watermark image. Moreover, the iteration number of Arnold transform is used as the secret key.…”

Section: B Arnold Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a watermark is embedded in the frequency domain, its energy is spread throughout the carrier image by strongly embedding in the host image with less distortion. Thus, these algorithms are robust in preserving watermarks even if the watermarked images are damaged by the potential attacks [7]. For example, Cedillo-Hernandez et al [8] proposed a robust watermarking method in discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain for effective management of medical imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Rapid and Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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In this paper, a novel spatial domain color image watermarking technique is proposed to rapidly and effectively protect the copyright of the color image. First, the direct current (DC) coefficient of 2D-DFT obtained in the spatial domain is discussed, and the relationship between the change of each pixel in the spatial domain and the change of the DC coefficient in the Fourier transform is proved. Then, the DC coefficient is used to embed and extract watermark in the spatial domain by the proposed quantization technique. The novelties of this paper include three points: 1) the DC coefficient of 2D-DFT is obtained in the spatial domain without of the true 2D-DFT; 2) the relationship between the change of each pixel in the image block and the change of the DC coefficient of 2D-DFT is found, and; 3) the proposed method has the short running time and strong robustness. The experimental results on two publicly available image databases (CVG-UGR and USC-SIPI) have shown that the proposed method not only has satisfied the needs of invisibility but also has better performance in terms of robustness and real-time feature, which show the proposed method has both advantages of spatial domain and frequency domain. INDEX TERMS Watermarking, DC coefficient, spatial domain, color image, discrete Fourier transform.

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Section: B Arnold Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Rapid and Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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“…Although these frequency domain methods show improvements in watermarking than spatial domain methods, they find difficulties in retrieving valid watermark contents especially when potential attacks damage the frequencies where the watermarks are attached. These disadvantages of single copy watermark attachment in specific frequencies are being taken up by other schemes (Ganic et al, 2004;Sverdlov et al, 2006;Run et al, 2012;Varghese et al, 2016) to attach multiple watermark replicas in all frequencies to provide better robustness against external deprivations in watermarked images. Watermarks attached in specific frequencies have specific resistance to specific group of attacks and it varies according to the frequency where the watermark contents are attached.…”

Section: Related Work and Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Digital Image Watermarking Scheme Incorporating DWT, DFT, DCT and SVD Transformations

Varghese

Razak²,

Hussain

et al. 2021

JER is an international, peer-reviewed journal that publishes f

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Digital watermarking provides copyright protection and proof of ownership by inserting watermark metadata as owner’s identity in digital documents to prevent authenticity and copyright violations. The paper introduces a new hybrid image watermarking scheme by attaching multiple copies of watermarks in carrier image. The new scheme utilizes the advantages of DWT, DFT, DCT and SVD transformations to offer stable resistance in protecting watermark contents from various external attacks. The proposed scheme uses Haar wavelet, Fourier, Onion Peel Decomposition, DCT, zigzag ordering and SVD transforms to decompose the carrier image in to four levels to maintain imperceptibility in the watermarked images. The algorithm attaches replicas of watermark frequency blocks in all frequency components of host image to provide better robustness against external deprivations in watermarked images. The proposed algorithm also provides the increased probability of extracting at least one undamaged replica of watermark even when other frequencies are damaged by external attacks. The improved experimental results of the proposed scheme in terms of visual analysis and quantitative metrics on different images with different experimental set up demarcate that the proposed watermarking scheme provides stable performance in generating better watermarked images. It is experimentally found that the new scheme produces high quality watermarked images with an average of 7.62% lesser Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and increased Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Structural Similarity Index Measure (MSSIM) and Feature Similarity Index Measure (FSIM) of 5.02 %, 4.37 %, and 2.37 % respectively than the next best algorithms when simulated with 20 sets of watermark and cover images. The watermark images extracted by the proposed algorithm from extremely distorted watermarked images are with better visual and objective values than other methods used in the comparative study. Simulation analysis on 20 sets of watermark and cover images with 30 types of potential attacks reveals that the extracted watermark images through the proposed scheme produces an average of 5.62%, 6.37%, 5.75% improved Pearson Correlation Coefficients (PCC), Number of Changing Pixel Rate (NPCR) and the Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI) values respectively than the next best algorithms used in the comparative study.

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“…However, the principal drawback of this technique is the lack of robustness against different image processing attacks. On the other hand, in the watermark techniques applied in the frequency domain transform, for the cover image, a transformation algorithms such as fast Fourier transform [8], discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) [9], or other similar algorithms are used, and usually, the watermark information is embedded into the coefficients of the selected transform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invisible watermarking framework that authenticates and prevents thevisualization of anaglyph images for copyright protection

Munoz-Ramirez¹,

Ponomaryov²,

Reyes-Reyes³

et al. 2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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In this work, a watermarking framework to authenticate and protect the copyright that prevents the visualization of nonauthorized anaglyph images is proposed. Designed scheme embeds a binary watermark and the Blue channel of the anaglyph image into the discrete cosine transform domain of the original image. The proposed method applies the quantization index modulation-dither modulation algorithm and a combination of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem with repetition codes, which permit to increase the capability in recovering the watermark. Additionally, Hash algorithm is used to scramble the component where the watermark should be embedding, guaranteeing a higher security performance of the scheme. This new technique prevents the visualization of 3D content to unauthorized users. Additionally, its high robustness against the most common image processing attacks, such as JPEG compression, impulsive and Gaussian noises, etc. has been demonstrated in this study.

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An improved digital image watermarking scheme using the discrete Fourier transform and singular value decomposition

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

New Rapid and Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain

New Rapid and Robust Color Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain

A Hybrid Digital Image Watermarking Scheme Incorporating DWT, DFT, DCT and SVD Transformations

Invisible watermarking framework that authenticates and prevents thevisualization of anaglyph images for copyright protection

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