An improved Hummers method to synthesize graphene oxide using much less concentrated sulfuric acid

Zhu, Yong; Kong, Gang; Pan, Yuling; Yang, Bo; Zhang, Shuanghong; Lai, Delin; Che, Chunshan

doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.060

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The absorption band centered at 241 nm is attributed to s to π–π* transitions of the remaining sp 2 C=C bonds. These results are in good agreement with previous literature [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] and support the validity of the Hummers method to produce the GO powder [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Novel TiO2/GO-Al2O3 Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane for Desalination and Lignin Recovery

et al. 2022

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Due to its greater physical–chemical stability, ceramic nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used in a number of industrial applications. In this study, a novel NF membrane was prepared by co-depositing a titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene oxide (GO) composite layer directly onto a porous α-Al2O3 hollow fiber (HF) support. An 8 µm-thick TiO2/GO layer was deposited to the surface of α-Al2O3 HF support by vacuum deposition method to produce advanced TiO2/GO-Al2O3 HF NF membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), porosity, 3-point bending strength, zeta potential analysis, and hydrophilic properties by water contact angle are used for TiO2/GO-Al2O3 HF NF membrane characterization. The results show that the developed membrane’s MWCO ranged from 600 to 800 Da. The water flux, rejection of lignin, and sodium ions were 5.6 L/m2 h·bar, ~92.1%, and ~5.5%, respectively. In a five-day NF process, the TiO2/GO-Al2O3 HF NF membrane exhibits good lignin permeation stability of about 14.5 L/m2 h.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The Hummers method was used to produce the GO powder by chemically exfoliating graphite with an oxidant [ 29 , 30 ]. H 2 SO 4 was used as an oxidant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel TiO2/GO-Al2O3 Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane for Desalination and Lignin Recovery

et al. 2022

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“…Lots of π–π stacking between the layers causes graphene to aggregate and create a hydrophobic moiety. To overcome this problem, oxidation of graphene is done via the Hummers method followed by exfoliation . GO is a single-layered oxidized form of graphene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To overcome this problem, oxidation of graphene is done via the Hummers method followed by exfoliation. 8 GO is a single-layered oxidized form of graphene. Because of the presence of oxygen-containing groups on the surface, π–π stacking is significantly reduced, which also reduces the conductivity and introduces lattice defects in GO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity

et al. 2022

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Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted much attention in the past few years because of its interesting and promising electrical, thermal, mechanical, and structural properties. These properties can be altered, as GO can be readily functionalized. Brodie synthesized the GO in 1859 by reacting graphite with KClO 3 in the presence of fuming HNO 3 ; the reaction took 3−4 days to complete at 333 K. Since then, various schemes have been developed to reduce the reaction time, increase the yield, and minimize the release of toxic byproducts (NO 2 and N 2 O 4 ). The modified Hummers method has been widely accepted to produce GO in bulk. Due to its versatile characteristics, GO has a wide range of applications in different fields like tissue engineering, photocatalysis, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Its porous structure is considered appropriate for tissue and organ regeneration. Various branches of tissue engineering are being extensively explored, such as bone, neural, dentistry, cartilage, and skin tissue engineering. The band gap of GO can be easily tuned, and therefore it has a wide range of photocatalytic applications as well: the degradation of organic contaminants, hydrogen generation, and CO 2 reduction, etc. GO could be a potential nanocarrier in drug delivery systems, gene delivery, biological sensing, and antibacterial nanocomposites due to its large surface area and high density, as it is highly functionalized with oxygen-containing functional groups. GO or its composites are found to be toxic to various biological species and as also discussed in this review. It has been observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels gradually increase over a period after GO is introduced in the biological systems. Hence, GO at specific concentrations is toxic for various species like earthworms, Chironomus riparius, Zebrafish, etc.

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“…Meanwhile, Hummers and Offeman [12] proposed the use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and sulfuric acid as reagents. The H2SO4 acts as solvent to transport the oxidant into the graphite interlayers and an intercalation agent stabilizing the oxidant [13]. Marcano et al [14] developed the study without NaNO3 on the differences among the Hummers method, modified Hummers method, and improved Hummers method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of green reductant effects of highly reduced graphene oxide production and their characteristics

Chasanah

Trisunaryanti

Triyono

et al. 2022

CST

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The study of the green reductant effects to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been completed successfully. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) was carried out chemically using various reductants such as ascorbic acid (rGO-AA), gallic acid (rGO-AG), and trisodium citrate (rGO-NS). The GO was prepared using the Tour method at a temperature of 65 ? for 6 hours with potassium permanganate: graphite weight ratio 1:3.5. The results showed that rGO-AA had the highest electrical conductivity value of 755.70 S/m, with characteristics such as a surface area of 255.93 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.61 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of 7.10 nm, ID/IG ratio of 1.93, and three graphene layers in the material nanostructure stack. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reduction of GO with ascorbic acid (rGO-AA) is the most effective in producing rGO.

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An improved Hummers method to synthesize graphene oxide using much less concentrated sulfuric acid

Cited by 41 publications

References 23 publications

Novel TiO2/GO-Al2O3 Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane for Desalination and Lignin Recovery

Novel TiO2/GO-Al2O3 Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane for Desalination and Lignin Recovery

An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity

Study of green reductant effects of highly reduced graphene oxide production and their characteristics

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