“…The research on the basic theory, functional devices and engineering applications of electromagnetic metamaterials has aroused extensive research interests in the fields of physics, information and materials (Baqir, 2019;Baqir, 2020;Pan et al, 2022a;Baqir and Choudhury, 2022;. Based on the designable electromagnetic parameters and distribution of metamaterials, researchers have developed various new devices such as metamaterial cloaks, lenses, and antennas (Li et al, 2021a;Wang et al, 2022a;Yang et al, 2022;Zhao and Wang, 2022;Wang et al, 2023a). According to the field localization and field enhancement characteristics of metamaterials (this effect is especially significant in surface plasmon metamaterials) and subwavelength scale characteristics (Li et al, 2020a;Wang et al, 2022b;Cao, 2022;Liu et al, 2022;Xie et al, 2023), a novel metamaterial sensing and imaging device has been developed, which can effectively improve the sensor's performance.…”