An Improved Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Underwater Acoustic Networks

Carlson, Edward A.; Beaujean, Pierre‐Philippe; An, Edgar

doi:10.1109/oceans.2007.4449177

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While ad-hoc networks operating in terrestrial radio environments have been studied extensively [8], [9], the analysis of ad-hoc network performance in an underwater acoustic environment remains a very challenging and complicated task. There has been recent progress on the design of multiple-access methods [10], [11], [12], medium access control protocols [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18] and routing schemes [19], [20], [21], [22], [23] for underwater networks. These are very important considerations in their own right; nonetheless, they focus on certain aspects of the network's performance, rather than the behavior of the network as a whole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Networks

Stefanov

Stojanovic

2011

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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Abstract-We analyze the performance of underwater acoustic ad-hoc networks in the presence of interference. We assume a uniform distribution of nodes over a finite area, and focus for simplicity on a two-dimensional network. The node-to-node channel is modeled using frequency dependent path loss and Ricean fading. We adopt a communication theoretic approach and study the sustainable number of hops through the network as an indicator of the network connectivity, as well as power and bandwidth requirements. The network operation is highly dependent on the node density with two distinct regions of limited performance: the coverage-limited region, where the number of nodes in the network is small, and the interference-limited region, where the number of nodes is large. We show that a desired level of connectivity can be achieved through a judicious selection of the operating frequency, power and bandwidth. Numerical examples illustrate the results of the analysis.These results motivate us to propose a hierarchical underwater acoustic sensor network architecture in which the sensors and the collector stations operate in distinct layers. The hierarchical architecture is supported by the property of the acoustic underwater transmission medium that for each transmission distance there exists an operating frequency for which the narrowband signal-to-noise ratio is maximized. The sensors and the collector stations are consequently allocated different operating frequencies. We assume a uniform distribution of both sensors and collector stations over the finite area of the sensing field, and model the channel accordingly. The analysis is performed under the assumption that there is interference from other nodes within the same layer of the hierarchy. Numerical examples illustrate the network performance and demonstrate that the preferred operating frequencies ensure network operation without any cross-interference between the collector network and the sensor network.Index Terms-Underwater acoustic networks, ad-hoc networks, connectivity, hierarchical sensor networks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Networks

Stefanov

Stojanovic

2011

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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“…Equipped with the optional time synchronization feature, the FAU Dual Purpose Acoustic Modem (DPAM) fits this requirement over 8 hours using low-drift clocks [29]. Also, prior work [30] has shown that for LASR, this is the minimum timekeeping precision necessary to preserve the accuracy of the time-of-flight range estimates based on TDMA window timing.…”

Section: Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detection time reporting must be accurate to within 30 milliseconds. As with the timekeeping precision, this reporting precision has been shown [30] to be the minimum necessary for time-of-flight range estimate accuracy.…”

Section: Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Location‐Aware Source Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks of AUVs

Carlson

Beaujean

2012

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Acoustic networks of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) cannot typically rely on protocols intended for terrestrial radio networks. This work describes a new location-aware source routing (LASR) protocol shown to provide superior network performance over two commonly used network protocols-flooding and dynamic source routing (DSR)-in simulation studies of underwater acoustic networks of AUVs. LASR shares some features with DSR but also includes an improved link/route metric and a node tracking system. LASR also replaces DSR's shortest-path routing with the expected transmission count (ETX) metric. This allows LASR to make more informed routing decisions, which greatly increases performance compared to DSR. Provision for a node tracking system is another novel addition: using the time-division multiple access (TDMA) feature of the simulated acoustic modem, LASR includes a tracking system that predicts node locations, so that LASR can proactively respond to topology changes. LASR delivers 2-3 times as many messages as flooding in 72% of the simulated missions and delivers 2-4 times as many messages as DSR in 100% of the missions. In 67% of the simulated missions, LASR delivers messages requiring multiple hops to cross the network with 2-5 times greater reliability than flooding or DSR. Shortest-PathRouting. Flooding delivers a message by network broadcast, and every node in the network receives the message. This is very inefficient when the destination is a single node. An alternative is shortest-path routing, where a message follows the path with the fewest hops. This is much more efficient: rather than every node in the network forwarding the message to all its neighbors by broadcast, each node along the shortest path forwards the message to the next hop by unicast. However, this makes it necessary for the network nodes to have at least partial knowledge of the network topology. It is also important to avoid routing loops, which occur when mismatches in topology information across several nodes cause messages to be routed in circles.Examples of shortest-path routing include the Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol [5], Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) [6], Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF) [8], and the Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) [7]. Of particular interest here is the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol [9], a reactive protocol which, depending on the implementation, uses either distancevector or link-state routing. In source routing, the entire route to the destination is determined by the originator (the source) and is carried along with the message. Routes are discovered as needed via a route-request/route-reply process, and there are no periodic updates. Delay-Tolerant Routing.In some networks, there may never be an end-to-end connection. Instead, individual mobile nodes must hold data until a forwarding opportunity arises [25]. For example, a protocol can exploit vehicles' nonrandom mobility patterns to improve routing performance Jo...

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“…First, there are several works, such as [3,6,8,9], which only consider routing without cooperations between different layers. In [3], it proposes a Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) routing protocol: the sensor nodes transmit data to AUVs or surface sinks by multi-layer and the relay node can be any node in the upper layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, H2-DAB uses Request/Reply mechanism for data forwarding at every hop, which is expensive in terms of energy and delay, and requires the network is connective from surface to seafloor, which is difficult to implement in deep-sea application [7]. In [6], the authors propose the location-aware source routing (LASR) protocol which modifies the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol, and it adds a link quality as the route metric in UWSNs where link quality can be highly variable. It aims to adapting the dynamic topology that is coursed by employed multiple AUVs, but the quality metric may choose a data forwarding route with more hops other than a less one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AUV-aided communication method for underwater mobile sensor network

Wang

Hongmei

Longjie

et al. 2016

OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are getting growing interest because of wide-range applications. However, the underwater acoustic communication technology is constrained by the nodes' continuous movement, limited communication bandwidth and node energy, which bring great challenges to UWSNs. In order to handle these challenges and to achieve an efficient energy consumption, many researches have been carried. A significant problem in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is the difficulty of energy limit. This paper proposes an AUV-aided acoustic communication protocol, namely AA-RP (AUV-Aided Routing Method Integrated Path Planning), which integrates the AUV's dynamic path planning algorithms into the routing protocol. This integrated communication method relies on two phases: AAR (AUV-Aided Network Routing) and RAPP (Routing Aided Path Planning).AA-RP utilizes the cooperation of multi-tasks to reduce energy consumption for network and avoids hot spot and zone problem with a dynamic GN (Gateway Node) schemes. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we make the simulation with NS3, which contains a UAN (Underwater Acoustic Network) module. The simulation results show that the method can reduce the network energy consumption with a good delivery ratio.

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An Improved Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Underwater Acoustic Networks

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Design and Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Networks

Design and Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Networks

Location‐Aware Source Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks of AUVs

AUV-aided communication method for underwater mobile sensor network

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