“…Over the last decade, a significant number of routing algorithms based on ACO have been developed to address the challenges in WSN. Examples include the approaches from various research papers [ 2 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Because limited energy is the most critical issue affecting WSNs performance, many of these research works focus mainly on how to use the limited energy of WSNs to maximize the network lifetime, which has been seen as the all-important problem of WSN routing design.…”