An improved penetrometer technique for determining bale density

Sun, Yifei; Buescher, Wolfgang; Lin, Jenshan; Lammers, Peter Schulze; Ross, F.; Maack, Christian; Cheng, Qiang; Sun, Wei

doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.09.020

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…High silage bulk density (BD) can significantly reduce aerobic deterioration because the high BD creates low porosity, thereby reducing O 2 diffusion into the silage [4,5,6,7]. Well-compacted silage should not only exhibit a high BD, but a uniform BD distribution as well [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Well-compacted silage should not only exhibit a high BD, but a uniform BD distribution as well [7]. In reality, the BD of maize silage can be highly variable at the farm scale in bunker silos.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high accuracy, few producers would be able to effectively use gamma ray due to regulations and the potential danger of exposure to radiation. An improved penetrometer technique for map-based determination of BD in grass bale silage was developed [7]. Subsequently, a study verified that this novel technique can replace the gamma ray scanner for imaging silage BD distribution [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Penetrometer-Based Mapping System for Visualizing Silage Bulk Density from the Bunker Silo Face

Jungbluth

Sun

et al. 2016

Sensors

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For silage production, high bulk density (BD) is critical to minimize aerobic deterioration facilitated by oxygen intrusion. To precisely assess packing quality for bunker silos, there is a desire to visualize the BD distribution within the silage. In this study, a penetrometer-based mapping system was developed. The data processing included filtering of the penetration friction component (PFC) out of the penetration resistance (PR), transfer of the corrected penetration resistance (PR c ) to BD, incorporation of Kriged interpolation for data expansion and map generation. The experiment was conducted in a maize bunker silo (width: 8 m, middle height: 3 m). The BD distributions near the bunker silo face were represented using two map groups, one related to horizontal-and the other to vertical-density distribution patterns. We also presented a comparison between the map-based BD results and core sampling data. Agreement between the two measurement approaches (RMSE = 19.175 kg¨m´3) demonstrates that the developed penetrometer mapping system may be beneficial for rapid assessment of aerobic deterioration potential in bunker silos.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Penetrometer-Based Mapping System for Visualizing Silage Bulk Density from the Bunker Silo Face

Jungbluth

Sun

et al. 2016

Sensors

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“…This electronic device (Bevameter) consist of a standard ASAE cone for measuring the cone index and the friction between the soil and the metal when it is wrapped in a specified depth in the soil, also a cone blade to measure the soil shear strength in specific depth, an ultrasonic sensor for the measurement of the depth and strain gauge transducers to measure penetration resistance and torque [10]. Sun, Y., et al extended the conventional method with two-dimensional data analysis (map-based analysis) of four round bales, packed by a fixed chamber baler or a variable chamber baler [11].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Digital Hand-Pushed Penetrometer

Rezaee¹

2017

IJASSN

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“…Among the various invasive tools to determine SM of silages, the penetrometer has specific advantages over other techniques because it requires a simple calibration procedure and can provide reliable data. Sun et al (2010) suggested that this technique, when properly applied, has the potential to provide good information about silage storage conditions. In an on-station study under controlled conditions, Silva et al (2011) correlated resistance values provided by maize silage to penetration by a penetrometer with SM values obtained by sampling with the use of a metal cylinder of known volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for determining maize silage density on farms

Krüger¹,

Jobim²,

Carvalho³

et al. 2017

Trop. Grassl.-Forrajes Trop.

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Several methodologies have been tested to evaluate silage density, with direct methods most popular, whereas indirect methods that can be used under field conditions are still in development and improvement stages. This study aimed to establish relationships between estimates of maize silage density determined using a direct and an indirect method, in an endeavor to provide an alternative to direct measurement for use in the field. Measurements were performed on maize silage in 14 silos. The direct method involved the use of a metal cylinder with a saw-tooth cutting edge attached to a chainsaw to extract a core of silage. Density of the silage was determined taking into consideration the cylinder volume and dry matter weight of silage removed at 5 points on the silage face. With the indirect method, a digital penetrometer was used to estimate silage density by measuring the penetration resistance at 2 points adjacent to the spots where the silage cores were taken, i.e. 10 readings per silo. Values of penetration resistance (measured in MPa) were correlated with the values of silage mass (kg/m 3 ) obtained by direct measurement through polynomial regression analysis. A positive quadratic relationship was observed between penetration resistance and silage density for both natural matter and dry matter (R² = 0.57 and R² = 0.80, respectively), showing that the penetrometer was a reasonably reliable and simple indirect method to determine the density of dry matter in maize silage. Further testing of the machine on other silos is needed to verify these results.Keywords: Ensiled matter, penetrometer, resistance, silos evaluation. ResumenPara determinar la densidad de ensilado, los métodos más usados son los directos mientras métodos indirectos, que se puedan usar a nivel de finca, están aún siendo desarrollados y mejorados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la correlación entre las densidades de ensilado de maíz determinadas con un método directo, y las determinadas con un método indirecto. Las mediciones se hicieron en 14 silos de maíz de fincas lecheras en 5 municipios del estado de Paraná, Brasil. El método directo consistió en el uso de un cilindro metálico con un filo cortante de dientes serrados unido a una motosierra para extraer una muestra del ensilado; la densidad se determinó con base en el volumen del cilindro y el promedio del peso de las muestras extraídas en 5 puntos. El método indirecto consistió en el uso de un penetrómetro digital para medir la resistencia a la penetración en 2 puntos adyacentes a los sitios donde se tomaron las muestras del método directo (10 lecturas por silo). Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de regresión polinomial que mostró una relación cuadrática positiva entre la resistencia a la penetración (medida en MPa) y la densidad del ensilaje con base en los valores de la masa del ensilado (kg/m 3 ) tanto para la materia natural como la materia seca (R² = 0.57 y R² = 0.80, respectivamente). Se concluye que el penetrómetro fue un método indirecto razonablemente con...

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An improved penetrometer technique for determining bale density

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Developing a Penetrometer-Based Mapping System for Visualizing Silage Bulk Density from the Bunker Silo Face

Developing a Penetrometer-Based Mapping System for Visualizing Silage Bulk Density from the Bunker Silo Face

Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Digital Hand-Pushed Penetrometer

A simple method for determining maize silage density on farms

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