An Improved Reclosing Relay

Goff, L.

doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1950.5060322

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Then, T i , the temperature of the product at the interface of sublimation, is determined since the equilibrium water pressure (p w,i ) is a well-known function of T i . The Goff-Gratch equation [49,50] is generally considered as the reference equation, and the values obtained with this equation are in perfect agreement with those given by the International Association for the Properties of Steam. Once p w,i (i.e., T i ) and R p are known, then the sublimation flux is calculated by Eq.…”

Section: Batch Monitoring By Pressure Rise Test and Dpe+ Algorithmsupporting

confidence: 64%

Monitoring of a Pharmaceuticals Freeze‐Drying Process by Model‐Based Process Analytical Technology Tools

Bosca

Fissore

2013

Chem Eng & Technol

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Pharmaceuticals freeze-drying requires a careful monitoring to preserve product quality. This is a challenging task as it is not possible to measure inline the variables of interest, i.e., temperature and residual amount of ice in the product in the primary drying stage and residual unfrozen water in the secondary drying stage. Various sensors are available to estimate the state of the product, coupling experimental measures and a model of the process. Methods based on the measure of product temperature and on the pressure rise test are discussed and compared by means of experimental investigations. The former is a local intrusive method, as it requires placing thermocouples in various vials, but allows monitoring the batch taking into account its non-uniformity, while the latter is a global and non-intrusive method which permits a partial insight into process dynamics.

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Section: Batch Monitoring By Pressure Rise Test and Dpe+ Algorithmsupporting

confidence: 64%

Monitoring of a Pharmaceuticals Freeze‐Drying Process by Model‐Based Process Analytical Technology Tools

Bosca

Fissore

2013

Chem Eng & Technol

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show abstract

“…Experimental ( , -HT,)p values for the binary mixtures nitrogen-methane (Mather et al, 1966) and helium-nitrogen (Mage and Katz, 1966) were used to compare with the predicted values obtained from the proposed equation and from other methods in Tables VII and VIII at the experimental conditions. Enthalpy values at low pressures for methane were taken from the compilation of API Project 44 (1953), and for nitrogen from those reported by Goff and Gratch (1950). For helium, calculations were made using C/1 = (5/2)1?.…”

Section: Testing Of Proposed Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%