An Improved Stream Bottom Fauna Sampler

Waters, Thomas F.; Knapp, Robert J.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1961)90[225:aisbfs]2.0.co;2

Cited by 75 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…On each occasion 3 replicate samples were taken with a 0.1 m 2 modified Hess sampler (Waters & Knapp 1961) fitted with a 0.5-mm-mesh nylon net. The samples were taken at depths of 0.25-0.40 m, which usually were located about 30% across each riffle sampled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River, New Zealand

Sagar

Eldon

1983

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish species were collected at monthly intervals during a 12-month period, from 3 areas of the lower Rakaia River. The composition and abundance of the benthos and stomach contents of the fish were analysed for seasonal trends, food niche breadth and overlap between pairs of fish species, and overlap between the benthos and the diet of each fish species. The diets of bluegilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), upland bully (G. breviceps), juvenile longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Galaxias brevipinnis, G. paucispondylus, and juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were similar to the proportions of prey species in the benthos. Deleatidium and chironomid larvae dominated the benthos in all seasons and formed the majority of food items in the diet of these species. Food niche overlap between these species was high, indicating potential competition, but preferred habitat and feeding habit differences plus low fish population density and abundance of main prey items probably eliminate the occurrence of any serious competition. The diet of the other fish species differed from this pattern. The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae and fish eggs than occurred in the benthos; torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae than occurred in the benthos; and quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) depended largely upon prey species of terrestial origin, such as adult Deleatidium and dipterans.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River, New Zealand

Sagar

Eldon

1983

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…This curve development relies upon standard techniques for benthic macroinvertebrate sampling. Using a circular bottom sampler (Waters and Knapp, 1961), Surber sampler (Surber, 1937), or other area-defining samplers, measurements of depth, mean water column velocity, and substrate characteristics are recorded for a series of samples (we suggest between 25 and 50 samples) taken at random along transects across a 'typical' stream reach. In most cases, riffle samples are used since these organisms are the most likely to be impacted by decreased flows (usually the management alternative being examined).…”

Section: Macroinvertebrate Habitat Suitability Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: a role in stream management and restoration

Gore

Layzer

Mead

2001

Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt.

135

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Over the past two decades of refinement and application of instream flow evaluations, we have examined the hydraulic habitat of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a variety of conditions, along with the role of these macroinvertebrates in sustaining ecosystem integrity. Instream flow analyses assume that predictable changes in channel flow characteristics can, in turn, be used to predict the change in the density or distribution of lotic species or, more appropriately, the availability of useable habitat for those species. Five major hydraulic conditions most affect the distribution and ecological success of lotic biota: suspended load, bedload movement, and water column effects, such as turbulence, velocity profile, and substratum interactions (near-bed hydraulics). The interactions of these hydraulic conditions upon the morphology and behavior of the individual organisms govern the distribution of aquatic biota. Historically, management decisions employing the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) have focused upon prediction of available habitat for life stages of target fish species. Regulatory agencies have rarely included evaluation of benthos for flow reservations. Although 'taxonomic discomfort' may be cited for the reluctant use or creation of benthic criteria, we suggest that a basic misunderstanding of the links between benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities is still a problem. This is derived from the lack of a perceived 'value' that can be assigned to macroinvertebrate species. With the exception of endangered mussel species (for which PHABSIM analysis is probably inappropriate), this is understandable. However, it appears that there is a greater ability to predict macroinvertebrate distribution (that is, a response to the change in habitat quality or location) and diversity without complex population models. Also, habitat suitability criteria for water quality indicator taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; the so-called 'EPTs') may also provide additional management options to stream regulators. The greatest application for macroinvertebrate criteria will be in low-order streams where a more immediate link to fish communities can be established. We present an example from Queens Creek, in North Carolina, USA, in which monthly allocations required to preserve the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were significantly higher than for the target benthic fish species, Cottus bairdi. In the months when both Cottus and community diversity of macroinvertebrates were the 'bottleneck' life stages, preservation of only fish species could result in an additional 5-25% loss in macroinvertebrate habitat. We suggest that, as there becomes an increased emphasis on maintaining macroinvertebrates as monitors of stream health, there will be a concurrent emphasis on incorporating hydraulic habitat conditions as a part of bioassessment.

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“…Benthic samples were collected using a Waters & Knapp (1961) sampler with an area of 0.1 m 2 and fitted with a 350 |im mesh net.…”

Section: Sampling Equipment and Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%