An Improved Technique for Measuring Concentration of Soil Gases at Depth in Situ

Clark, Matt; Jarvis, S. C.; Maltby, E.

doi:10.1081/css-100103013

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The subsurface soil air N 2 O concentrations observed in this study span a large concentration range (80-50667 ppb) (Table 3). Large concentration ranges are consistent with observations from other studies measuring subsurface soil air N 2 O concentrations at a range of non-forested sites (Burton and Beauchamp 1994;Burton et al 1997;Clark et al 2001). In addition to the higher subsurface concentrations observed at the early post-harvest successional sites than their respective late postharvest forest pairs (Table 3), a pattern of a strong positive skew to the concentration data is evident (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Nitrous oxide dynamics in managed northern forest soil profiles: is production offset by consumption?

Kellman

Kavanaugh

2008

Biogeochemistry

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This study investigates soil N 2 O dynamics in forest soils representing early (3-years) and late ([50 years) post-harvest succession in Atlantic Canada over a 9-month snow-free period in order to develop a better understanding of the role of managed forests as sources and sinks of N 2 O. We couple measurement of surface flux with detailed measurements of subsurface N 2 O concentrations at four mineral soil depths (0, 5, 20 and 35 cm) at 40 plots located within four sites. Median surface fluxes were similar at all sites regardless of the management stage (-5 to ?19 ugN 2 O-N/m 2 /day), with all sites behaving as net sinks and sources of N 2 O over the measurement period. Subsurface mineral soil N 2 O concentrations at early (3-year) post-harvest succession sites, which ranged from median values of 362 ppbv at 0 cm to 1783 ppbv at 35 cm depth, were significantly higher than late post-harvest succession sites where median concentrations ranged from 329 ppbv at 0 cm to 460 ppbv at 35 cm depth. Examination of relationships between subsurface gas storage and surface flux magnitudes, suggested although recently harvested forest soils may be producing N 2 O at a greater rate than mature forest soils, observed patterns are consistent with a strong sink for this gas that prevents its conservative transport through the soil profile, and ultimate emission to the atmosphere through the majority of the measurement period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Nitrous oxide dynamics in managed northern forest soil profiles: is production offset by consumption?

Kellman

Kavanaugh

2008

Biogeochemistry

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“…This technology uses subsurface measurements and has been previously used under cropping and horticulture soils (Arah et al 1991;Gut et al 1998;Clark et al 2001). The method appears promising as measurements can be made as the animals are grazing, but further testing and comparisons with the commonly used chambers are needed to capture the effect of other variables regulating these emissions.…”

Section: Subsurface Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide and methane in New Zealand terrestrial ecosystems and their mitigation options: a review

et al. 2007

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The two non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) comprise 54.8% of total New Zealand emissions. Nitrous oxide is mainly generated from mineral N originating from animal dung and urine, applied fertiliser N, biologically fixed N 2 , and mineralisation of soil organic N. Even though about 96% of the anthropogenic CH 4 emitted in New Zealand is from ruminant animals (methanogenesis), methane uptake by aerobic soils (methanotrophy) can significantly contribute to the removal of CH 4 from the atmpsphere, as the global estimates confirm. Both the net uptake of CH 4 by soils and N 2 O emissions from soils are strongly influenced by changes in land use and land management. Quantitative information on the fluxes of these two non-CO 2 GHGs is required for a range of land-use and land-management ecosystems to determine their contribution to the national emissions inventory, and for assessing the potential of mitigation options. Here we report soil N 2 O fluxes and CH 4 uptake for a range of land-use and landmanagement systems collated from published and unpublished New Zealand studies. Nitrous oxide emissions are highest in dairy-grazed pastures (10-12 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 year −1 ), intermediate in sheepgrazed pastures, (4-6 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 year −1 ), and lowest in forest, shrubland and ungrazed pasture soils (1-2 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 year −1 ). N deposited in the form of animal urine and dung, and N applied as fertiliser, are the principal sources of N 2 O production. Generally, N 2 O emissions from grazed pasture soils are high when the soil water-filled pore-space is above field capacity, and net CH 4 uptake is low or absent. Although nitrification inhibitors have shown some promise in reducing N 2 O emissions from grazed pasture systems, their efficacy as an integral part of farm management has yet to be tested. Methane uptake was highest for a New Zealand Beech forest soil (10-11 kg CH 4 ha −1 year −1 ), intermediate in some pine forest soils (4-6 kg CH 4 ha −1 year −1 ), and lowest in most pasture (<1 kg CH 4 ha −1 year −1 ) and cropped soils (1.5 kg CH 4 ha −1 year −1 ). Afforestation / reforestation of pastures results in increases in soil CH 4 uptake, largely as a result of increases in soil aeration status and changes in the population and activities of methanotrophs. Soil CH 4 uptake is also seasonally dependent, being about two to three times higher in a dry summer and autumn than in a wet winter. There are no practical ways yet available to reduce CH 4 emissions from agricultural systems. The mitigation options to reduce gaseous emissions are discussed and future research needs identified.

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“…A constraint in the past has been the problem of sampling in saturated conditions. This can be overcome using silicon tubing that is sufficiently permeable to allow the diffusion of a range of gases into a sampling chamber even under saturated conditions (Clark et al, 2001 ;Goldberg et al, 2008;Jacinthe and Groffman, 2001;Kammann et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrous Oxide Dynamics in a Deep Soil-Alluvial Gravel Vadose Zone Following Nitrate Leaching

Thomas

Waterland

Dann

et al. 2012

Soil Science Society of America Journal

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Subsoil denitrification is a potential sink for leached nitrate (NOj") that may otherwise contaminate ground water. A field trial was undertaken to assess the importance of subsoil denitrification and to examine the role of leached NOj" on subsurface nitrous oxide (N2O) (a potent greenhouse gas) dynamics. We monitored NOj", Br", N2O, CO2, and O2 concentrations in alluvial vadose materials to a depth of 7 m over a 32-mo period following the application of N (400 kg ha~^ as NH4NO3) and Br~ to potatoes {Solanum tuberosum L.) followed by a second application (400 kg ha"^ as NH4NO3) to ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 24 mo later. Our sampling system consisted of an array of ceramic cups and permeable silicone tubing chambers to sample soil solution and gases. Following rainfall and irrigation, subsoil N2O concentrations increased rapidly. Within days of NO3" leaching below 1 m, high concentrations of NO3~, Br~, and N2O were observed at 7-m depth. Based on N to Br" ratios, and NO3~ leaching estimates from drainage amounts and leachate NO3~ concentrations, 5 to 10% of the fertilizer and soil N was denitrified. Based on N2O flux estimates and NO3~-N/Br~ ratios, almost all of the net N2O production occurred in the subsoil above the gravel material (1-m depth). In the gravel matrix the NOj'-N/Br" ratio did not change indicating a low capacity to attenuate NO3".Abbreviations: ECD, electron capture detector; NP, neutron probe; STP, standard temperature and pressure; TDR, time domain reflectrometry; WFPS, water-filled pore space.

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An Improved Technique for Measuring Concentration of Soil Gases at Depth in Situ

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Nitrous oxide dynamics in managed northern forest soil profiles: is production offset by consumption?

Nitrous oxide dynamics in managed northern forest soil profiles: is production offset by consumption?

Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide and methane in New Zealand terrestrial ecosystems and their mitigation options: a review

Nitrous Oxide Dynamics in a Deep Soil-Alluvial Gravel Vadose Zone Following Nitrate Leaching

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