Proteins in living cells interact specifically or nonspecifically with an enormous number of biomolecules. To understand the behavior of proteins under intracellular crowding conditions,itisindispensable to observe their threedimensional (3D) structures at the atomic level in aphysiologically natural environment. We demonstrate the first de novo protein structure determinations in eukaryotes with the sf9 cell/ baculovirus system using NMR data from living cells exclusively.The method was applied to five proteins,rat calmodulin, human HRas,h uman ubiquitin, T. thermophilus HB8 TTHA1718, and Streptococcus protein GB 1d omain. In all cases,w ec ould obtain structural information from wellresolved in-cell 3D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) data, suggesting that our method can be astandard tool for protein structure determinations in living eukaryotic cells.F or three proteins,w ea chieved well-converged 3D structures.A mong these,t he in-cell structure of protein GB 1 domain was most accurately determined, demonstrating that ah elix-loop region is tilted away from a b-sheet compared to the conformation in diluted solution.Biomacromolecules occupy as ignificant fraction of the intracellular volume (resulting in molecular crowding) [1] in which proteins are exposed to the excluded-volume effect, specific and non-specific interactions,a nd various dynamic intracellular processes. [2] Their biophysical properties under these effects,p articularly their molecular structures at the atomic level, are not fully understood. Therefore,i ti s indispensable to elucidate their native structures and dynamics in the physiologically natural environment inside cells,and to determine whether there are differences in the threedimensional (3D) structures of the biomacromolecules in cells compared to their diluted solution state.I n-cell NMR [3] is currently the only tool with which to observe proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at atomic resolution in living biological systems.I ta lso provides direct observations of protein behaviors in conjunction with chemical compounds that are potential targets for drug screening inside cells. [2a,4] Although in-cell NMR studies in various eukaryotic cells have become possible by either expressing target proteins inside cells [4] or by introducing stable isotope-enriched proteins from outside, [2a, 5] high-resolution protein 3D structures have been determined only in Escherichia coli cells. [6] To date,t he achievable target-protein concentration in eukaryotic cells was too low to obtain as ufficient number of nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)-derived distance restraints.I nt he meantime,in-cell NMR studies of human-cultured cells have revealed that the intracellular environment does indeed influence the protein folding stability [5f] and reduces the volume occupied by intrinsically disordered proteins. [7] Recently,p rotein global folds in cells were obtained by exploiting NMR chemical shifts and paramagnetic NMR effects induced by intracellularly stable lanthanoid-binding t...