An In-Depth Evaluation of Micro-Surfacing Treatment

Zulu, Kelvin; Mukendi, Kalambayi K.

doi:10.28991/cej-03091154

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition, leadframe A has higher standard deviation value of 33.8 compared to that of leadframe B with 6.3 of standard deviation. This is because of fact that leadframe A has higher variation of peaks and valleys compared to that of leadframe B, because R a is directly proportionate with hardness standard deviation value (Kim and Au, 2001;Meshkat et al, 2018;Zulu and Mukendi, 2018). Figures 6 and 7 show the ultrasonic vibration waveform in vertical axis amplitude and resonance frequency obtained from laser interferometer for leadframes A and B, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of gold wedge bonds

Zulkifli

Harun

Jalar

2019

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of gold (Au) wedge bond using in situ inspection of laser interferometer and its relationship with the deformation and wire pull strength. Design/methodology/approach The in situ inspection of ultrasonic vibration waveform through the changes of vertical axis (y-axis) amplitude of wire bonder capillary was carried out using laser interferometer to analyze the formation of Au wedge bond. The relationship between the changes of ultrasonic waveform of capillary with the deformation and the pull strength was analyzed to evaluate the bondability of Au wedge bonds. Findings It was observed that the changes in vertical axis amplitude of ultrasonic vibration waveform of wire bonder capillary can be used to describe the process of bonding formation. The loss of ultrasonic energy was exhibited in ultrasonic vibration waveform of wire bonding on leadframe that has higher value of roughness (leadframe A) as compared to that of leadframe that has lower value of roughness (leadframe B). The lower pull strength obtained by Au wedge bond further confirms the reduction of bond formation because of the higher deformation on leadframe A as compared to that of leadframe B. Originality/value The relationship between in situ measurement using laser interferometer with the bondability or deformation and wire pull strength of Au wedge bonds on different surface roughness and hardness of leadframes is still lacking. These findings provide a valuable data in analyzing the bonding mechanisms that can be identified based on the in situ measurement of ultrasonic vibration and the bondability of Au wedge bonds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of gold wedge bonds

Zulkifli

Harun

Jalar

2019

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“…Microsurfacing consists of a mixture of aggregate, emulsified asphalt, mineral powder, cement, water, latex, and additives [ 24 ]. Different from asphalt concrete or cement concrete, cement-emulsified asphalt mortar is different from cement paste or asphalt mortar in its concrete strength formation mechanism, structure, and road performance [ 25 , 26 ]. In this paper, the mixture composed of fine aggregate was studied.…”

Section: Materials and Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Adhesive and Temperature Property Characteristics of Microsurfacing by Performance-Based Mixture Design Approach

et al. 2021

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Performance-based mixture design of microsurfacing offers a promising solution to the best application of asphalt emulsions. The presented study investigated a novel approach to evaluate the spalling resistance and high and low-temperature resistance of microsurfacing. The laboratory tests, including mixture bond strength (MBS), driving wheel pavement analyzer (DWPA), multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), load wheel rutting (LWR), and single edge notch beam (SENB) were conducted to characterize the performance-related properties; the response surface method (RSM) was used to obtain the optimal proportions of the mixture. According to the experimental results, the performance-based mixture design method improves the comprehensive performance of microsurfacing, such as adhesion at high and low temperatures. The results of RSM show that temperature is the most important factor that affects the adhesion of mixture. There is a strong correlation between adhesive and temperature performance detected by different test methods. Due to different chemical mechanisms caused by cement and emulsified asphalt, the high-temperature performance index of the microsurfacing mixture is lower than that of HMA. Furthermore, the low-temperature resistance is analyzed and suggested indicator is proposed.

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“…It differs from chip and slurry seals in that the latter uses a thermal curing process while microsurfacing uses a chemically controlled process. Owing to its robustness and flexibility, micro-surfacing can be used as a preventive, routine and corrective maintenance strategy [19][20][21].…”

Section: Micro-surfacingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the activity timing follows; this timing of treatments should be based on existing performance records or literature to achieve maximum cost benefits. The effectiveness of the treatment is also a fundamental input for a good LCCA [5,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. After determining the activity timing and effectiveness of selected treatments as listed in Table 4, the estimation of costs follows.…”

Section: Life Cycle Cost Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Economic Analysis of Selected Pavement Preservation Treatments

Zulu

Singh²,

Shaba³

2020

Civ Eng J

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Pavements are one of the highest assets and represent massive investment. The need to design and provide a sustainable maintenance service is becoming a priority and this comes mutually with the intentions to reduce impacts caused by maintenance treatments to the environment. This paper through a case study presents a Life Cycle Cost and Assessment technique during a 30 year analysis period to measure the cost effectiveness, embodied energy and carbon emissions of selected preservation treatments. These treatments can either be applied separately or in combination during the preventive maintenance of road pavements. This study entails three life cycle phases of material extraction and production, transportation and construction of maintenance activities. Through a literature review, raw materials energy and emission inventory data was averaged followed by the analysis of the equipment involved by using the specific fuel consumption to calculate the energy and emissions spent by the machine and finally the selected treatment energy and emissions was computed. Results show that preservation treatments can have an LCC of 30-40 % and embodied energy and carbon emission of 3-6 times lower than the traditional approach. This study bridges gaps in literature on integrated evaluation of environmental and economic aspects of preservation treatments.

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An In-Depth Evaluation of Micro-Surfacing Treatment

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of gold wedge bonds

Effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of gold wedge bonds

Validation of Adhesive and Temperature Property Characteristics of Microsurfacing by Performance-Based Mixture Design Approach

Environmental and Economic Analysis of Selected Pavement Preservation Treatments

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