An in Vitro Study of the Structural Properties of Deep-Frozen Versus Freeze-dried, Ethylene Oxide-Sterilized Canine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Bone-Ligament-Bone Preparations

Turner, Wendy D.; Vasseur, P; Gorek, J E; Rodrigo, Juan J.; Wedell, J

doi:10.1097/00003086-198805000-00030

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…For example, as early as 1959, Bassett and Packard [5] noted that irradiated bone was "brittle" and subsequent studies have defined the resulting deleterious changes [ 11. Biomechanical studies of soft tissues, mostly patellar bonetendon-bone preparations, have quantified irradiation damage [ 15,18,29] but no clinical alteration of tissue function has been shown with EO disinfection [6,20,38]. Ethylene oxide, a strong alkylator, is a highly effective virucide [10, 21,26,32,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection

Moore

Gendler²,

Gendler

2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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In 1987 it was anticipated that unsterilized tissues would transmit virus diseases such as hepatitis and HIV-1 from infected donors so a freeze-drying process for musculoskeletal tissue was developed to include terminal ethylene oxide (EO) exposure for 14 h. We found no studies of EO efficacy when viruses were associated with human allografts so we studied the antiviral effect of terminal EO disinfection using all but the final freeze-drying phase of this clinical processing protocol (CPP). Specifically we looked at EO inactivation of HIV-1, a human hepatitis B surrogate and test viruses known to be highly resistant to disinfecting agents, including irradiation. Freeze-drying, ordinarily required after EO disinfection and part of the CPP, was not done. Suspensions of HIV-1, Bovine viral diarrhea, Reovirus type 3, Duck hepatitis B, Poliomyelitis and Canine parvovirus were adsorbed on glass, demineralized bone powder, and preprocessed strips of femoral cortex, iliac wedges, cancellous blocks and patellar bone-tendon-bone preparations and subjected to EO disinfection. Test viruses were inactivated at the end of 7 h of EO disinfection, providing a safety factor in the CPP of at least 100%.Because allografts can transmit viruses, terminal EO disinfection should provide safer musculoskeletal allografts than nondisinfected tissues or those irradiated with a standard irradiation dose. New spontaneously appearing viruses would probably be inactivated with this terminal EO disinfection but they and viral bioweapons will require individual validation to assure viral inactivation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection

Moore

Gendler²,

Gendler

2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…Thomas and Gresham (1963) found no significant differences in mechanical properties between the deep-frozen and freezedried fascia lata. Turner et al (1988) reported no change in mechanical properties, apart from an increase in ligament elongation. His results may have been affected by the use of distilled water instead of 0.9% NaCl for rehydration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Theoretically, the collagen structure might be destroyed by the growth of ice crystals (Turner et al 1988). However, Czitrom et al (1985) and Jackson et al (1990) recommended freeze-drying as the best method for processing bone and ligaments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further processing of bone allografts by freeze-drying or lipid extraction reduces the immune response (Friedlaender et al 1984, Thorén et al 1995. Previous studies on the processing of soft tissue transplants have been carried out in different conditions-e.g., freezing or freeze-drying (Thomas and Gresham 1963, Turner et al 1988, Bechthold et al 1994, Silver et al 2000, disinfection with solvent agents (Maeda et al 1993, Zimmerman et al 1994, Burd et al 2000 or sterilization (Bechthold et al 1994, Jackson et al 1990, Johnson et al 1999. None of these methods meets all the requirements for a strong, safe and minimally-immunogenic transplant and they are therefore not recommended by the European Association of Tissue Banks (EATB 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Good preservation of initial mechanical properties in lipid-extracted, disinfected, freeze-dried sheep patellar tendon grafts

Bettin

Polster

Rullkötter

et al. 2003

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…Butler et al (2) found a significant reduction in the mechanical strength of patellar tendon and fascia lata after freeze-drying and ethylene oxide sterilization. Turner et al (26) observed no significant differences…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of solvent preservation with or without gamma irradiation on the material properties of canine tendon allografts

Maeda

Inoue

Shino

et al. 1993

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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We studied the effects of solvent preservation with and without gamma irradiation on the material properties and morphology of canine tendons. Twenty-four paired tendons were harvested from both hind limbs of eight dogs. The tendons from the right legs were divided into three treatment groups of eight tendons each. In the first group, the tendons were subjected to solvent preservation for sterilization and drying (solvent group). In the second group, the tendons were treated in the same manner and then were sterilized by gamma irradiation (solvent/gamma group). The same treatments were applied to the tendons in the third group but in reverse order (gamma/solvent group). Tendons from the contralateral left legs were frozen immediately for use as controls for each corresponding treatment group. Histologically, the tendons treated with solvent, with or without gamma irradiation, had a more prominent wavy pattern in the collagen fibers than the control tendons. Mechanically, the tangent moduli for the solvent, solvent/gamma, and gamma/solvent groups were 58, 53, and 99%, respectively, of each contralateral control. The respective tensile strengths were 85, 39, and 86% of that of the contralateral control. The tendons in the solvent/gamma group underwent the most severe changes in material properties; the tendons in the gamma/solvent group changed the least. This suggests that gamma irradiation followed by solvent drying is the procedure of choice for the preservation of tendon allografts.

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An in Vitro Study of the Structural Properties of Deep-Frozen Versus Freeze-dried, Ethylene Oxide-Sterilized Canine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Bone-Ligament-Bone Preparations

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection

Viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection

Good preservation of initial mechanical properties in lipid-extracted, disinfected, freeze-dried sheep patellar tendon grafts

Effects of solvent preservation with or without gamma irradiation on the material properties of canine tendon allografts

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