An inactivated vaccine for the control of bluetongue virus serotype 16 infection in sheep in Italy

Abstract

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Abstract 16Because no suitable products are at the moment available to safely control the spread of 17 BTV-16 in Europe, an inactivated vaccine was produced from the reference field isolate 18 of bluetongue virus serotype 16. One group of six sheep was vaccinated subcutaneously 19 with the inactivated vaccine twice, on days 0 and 28, whereas a second group of 8 20 sheep was inoculated with saline solution and used as mock-vaccinated control 21 animals. Seventy eight days after the first vaccination, all sheep were inoculated 22 subcutaneously with a suspension containing 10 6.3 TCID 50 of a virulent reference BTV-23 16 isolate. Apart from a transient inflammatory reaction at the injection site, no adverse 24 effects were reported following vaccination. All vaccinated animals developed high titres 25 (7.3-9.3 Log 2 (ED50%/50µl)) of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies and were resistant 26 * Manuscript

An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India

“… 1975 ; Savini et al. 2007 ). In Europe, killed BTV-2 vaccine was commercially introduced in 2005 (Zientara et al.…”

“…Killed vaccines against BTV are first developed by inactivating whole BTV with ultraviolet radiation, heat or chemicals using binary ethylenimine (BEI) or hydroxylamine in 1975 (Parker et al 1975;Savini et al 2007). In Europe, killed BTV-2 vaccine was commercially introduced in 2005 (Zientara et al 2010).…”

Soluble expression and purification of Bluetongue Virus Type 1 (BTV1) structure protein VP2 in Escherichia coli and its immunogenicity in mice

“…However, the existing modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines have some disadvantages. The modified live vaccine is high cost and its toxic residual may cripple ruminants (Savini et al, 2014;Savini et al, 2007). The inactivated vaccines need to immunize animals several times (González et al, 2010).…”

Bluetongue virus vaccine: conventional to modern approach

“…Thus, vaccine development after complete molecular characterization of pathogen may lead to severe economic losses. However, inactivated BT vaccines can be prepared within short time by inactivation of BTV using suitable agents such as gamma radiation (Campbell, 1985), β-propialactone (Savini et al, 2007) and binary ethylenimine (Ramakrishnan (Table 3). These vaccines are administered along with suitable adjuvants.…”