An increased ratio of dietary tryptophan to lysine improves feed efficiency and elevates plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in the absence of antimicrobials and regardless of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned pigs

Capozzalo, M.M.; Kim, Jae-Cheol; Htoo, J. K.; Lange, C. F. M. de; Mullan, B.P.; Hansen, C. F.; Resink, J.W.; Stumbles, Philip A.; Hampson, David J.; Pluske, J.R.

doi:10.2527/jas.53900

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the present study, dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp, rather than 0.30% Trp, protected piglets from diquat challenge-induced reduction in growth performance, suggesting the proper dosage of supplemented Trp is 0.15% for diquat-treated piglets. A previous study showed that the optimal ratio of dietary Trp to Lys ratio was 0.26 for weaning piglets [32]. In the present study, the ratio of dietary Trp to Lys in a 0.15% Trp-supplemented diet was 0.27, which was similar to a meta-analysis indicating that the requirements of Trp to Lys ratio of pigs from 7 to 30 kg were 0.22, 0.22, and 0.20 with average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed to gain ratio as response criteria, respectively [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-Tryptophan Enhances Intestinal Integrity in Diquat-Challenged Piglets Associated with Improvement of Redox Status and Mitochondrial Function

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Animals

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Tryptophan (Trp) supplementation has been shown to improve growth performance and enhance intestinal integrity in piglets. However, the effects of dietary Trp supplementation on the intestinal barrier function in piglets exposed to oxidative stress remain unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary Trp supplementation can attenuate intestinal injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction of piglets caused by diquat injection. Thirty-two piglets at 25 days of age were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) the non-challenged control; (2) diquat-challenged control; (3) 0.15% Trp-supplemented diet + diquat; (4) 0.30% Trp supplemented diet + diquat. On day seven, the piglets were injected intraperitoneally with sterilized saline or diquat (10 mg/kg body weight). The experiment lasted 21 days. Dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp improved growth performance of diquat-challenged piglets from day 7 to 21. Diquat induced an increased intestinal permeability, impaired antioxidant capacity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp ameliorated these negative effects induced by diquat challenge that showed decreasing permeability of 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, increasing antioxidant indexes, and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. Results indicated that dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp enhanced intestinal integrity, restored the redox status, and improved the mitochondrial function of piglets challenged with diquat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-Tryptophan Enhances Intestinal Integrity in Diquat-Challenged Piglets Associated with Improvement of Redox Status and Mitochondrial Function

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Results with tryptophan are somewhat unclear, as Le Floc'h et al (2009) reported lower plasma Trp levels suggesting that Trp availability was limited for growth and other metabolic functions. Capozzalo et al (2012) discovered that Trp:Lys ratios in excess of growth resulted in improved feed efficiency in either the presence or absence of an enterotoxigenic E. coli infection; however, there was no immune challenge by Trp:Lys interaction. Optimal Thr:Lys ratios have also been evaluated in piglets given the importance of this essential amino acid for intestinal use and barrier function (Stoll et al, 1998).…”

Section: Practical Nutrition For Intestinal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Link between intestinal immunity and practical approaches to swine nutrition

Humphrey¹,

Zhao

Faris

2019

Animal

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Gaining a deeper understanding into the underlying mechanisms associated with intestinal function and immunity during the weaning transition is critical to help shed new light into applied nutrition approaches to improve piglet performance and health during this critical life-stage transition. The transient anorexia triggered at weaning leads to compromised intestinal barrier function and a localized inflammatory response. Considering barrier function, specific nutrient fractions appear to have a significant impact on the development and function of the immune and microbial systems around weaning. Understanding the specific impact of nutrients in the small intestine and hindgut is important for helping to bring more focus and consistency to nutritional approaches to support health and immunity during the weaning transition period. The challenge continues to be how to translate these modes of action into practical and scalable approaches for swine nutrition. We will focus specifically on practical nutritional approaches to influence intestinal immunity through lipid, protein and antioxidant nutrition.

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“…Kynurenine is a key intermediate metabolite of the tryptophan catabolism pathway. Capozzalo et al (2012) showed that plasma kynurenine level varied according to different ratios of dietary tryptophan to lysine in weaned pigs. It is also well known that the depletion of tryptophan and formation of kynurenine derived metabolites modulates the activity of the mammalian immune, reproductive, and central nervous systems, linking several production relevant traits (Ball et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Metabolomics evidences plasma and serum biomarkers differentiating two heavy pig breeds

Bovo

Mazzoni

Galimberti

et al. 2016

Animal

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In pigs, many production traits are known to vary among breeds or lines. These traits can be considered end phenotypes or external traits as they are the final results of complex biological interactions and processes whose fine biological mechanisms are still largely unknown. This study was designed to compare plasma and serum metabolomic profiles between animals of two heavy pig breeds (12 Italian Large White and 12 Italian Duroc), testing indirectly the hypothesis that different genetic backgrounds might be the determining factors of differences observed on the level of metabolites in the analyzed biofluids between breeds. We used a targeted metabolomic approach based on mass spectrometric detection of about 180 metabolites and applied a statistical validation pipeline to identify differences in the metabolomic profiles of the two heavy pig breeds. Blood samples were collected after jugulation at the slaughterhouse and prepared for metabolomics analysis that was carried out using the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, covering five different biochemical classes: glycerophospholipids, amino acids, biogenic amines, hexoses and acylcarnitines. A statistical pipeline that included the selection of the most relevant metabolites differentiating the two breeds by sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) was coupled with a stability test and significance test determined with leave one out and permutation procedures. sPLS-DA plots clearly separated the pigs of the two investigated breeds. A few metabolites (a total of five metabolites considering the two biofluids) involved in key metabolic pathways largely contributed to these differences between breeds. In particular, a higher level of the sphingomyelins SM (OH) C14:1 (both in plasma and serum), SM (OH) C16:1 (in serum) and SM C16:0 (in serum) were observed in Italian Duroc than in Italian Large White pigs and the inverse was for the biogenic amine kynurenine (in plasma). The level of another biogenic amine (acetylornithine) was higher in Italian Large White than in Italian Duroc pigs in both analysed biofluids. These results provided biomarkers that could be important to understand the biological differences between these two heavy pig breeds. In particular, according to the functional role played by sphingomyelins in obesity-induced inflammatory responses, it could be possible to speculate that a higher level of sphingomyelins in Italian Duroc might be related to the higher interrmuscular fat deposition of this breed compared with the Italian Large White. Additional studies will be needed to evaluate the relevance of these biomarkers for practical applications in pig breeding and nutrition.Keywords: pig breeding, metabolites, molecular phenotypes, metabolic pathway, production traits ImplicationsThis study showed that different pig breeds are characterized by different metabolomics profiles. The statistical approach that was adopted identified a few biomarkers whose level in plasma and serum described the differences between two heavy pig breeds. T...

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An increased ratio of dietary tryptophan to lysine improves feed efficiency and elevates plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in the absence of antimicrobials and regardless of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned pigs

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

L-Tryptophan Enhances Intestinal Integrity in Diquat-Challenged Piglets Associated with Improvement of Redox Status and Mitochondrial Function

L-Tryptophan Enhances Intestinal Integrity in Diquat-Challenged Piglets Associated with Improvement of Redox Status and Mitochondrial Function

Link between intestinal immunity and practical approaches to swine nutrition

Metabolomics evidences plasma and serum biomarkers differentiating two heavy pig breeds

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