An Indirect Cost of Male-Male Aggression Arising from Female Response

Yoshimizu, Toshiki; Akutsu, Junichi; Matsuo, Takashi

doi:10.2108/zs210116

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This treatment increases male locomotor activity and encounter rate during observation, thereby improving the efficiency of the experiments (Ando et al, 2020). After the starvation treatment, the first contest experiment was conducted during the last 3 h of the light phase because the highest locomotor activity was observed during either the first or last few hours of the light phase (Yoshimizu et al, 2022). In the 2‐h interval treatment, the second contest was conducted 2 h after the first contest, whereas in the 1‐day interval treatment, the second contest started from the last 3 h of the light phase on the 8th day after eclosion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the 6th day after eclosion, males were transferred to new vials or last few hours of the light phase (Yoshimizu et al, 2022). In the 2-h interval treatment, the second contest was conducted 2 h after the first contest, whereas in the 1-day interval treatment, the second contest started from the last 3 h of the light phase on the 8th day after eclosion.…”

Section: Behavioral Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a past contest on the future winning probability in a hyper‐aggressive fruit fly

Amino

Matsuo

2023

Ethology

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In various animal taxa, prior experience of contests influences the consequences of subsequent contests. A well‐known example is the winner and loser effects, in which winners have a higher winning probability, whereas losers become more likely to lose in the subsequent contests. Previous studies have suggested that the intensity of past contests also affects the future winning probability in two ways: modulating the extent of the winner–loser effect or decreasing the winning probability of both winners and losers. However, the number of studies that investigated the effect of both the contest outcome and intensity has been limited. Here, we analyzed the effect of past fighting experience in a hyper‐aggressive fruit fly Drosophila prolongata to ask (1) whether the winner–loser effect exists in this species and (2) how the contest intensity influences the subsequent winning probability. To disentangle the multiple factors affecting the winning probability, we employed the experimental design involving both body size manipulation and the comparison of different intervals between the two contests. The results did not support the existence of the winner–loser effect: both winners and losers of the first contest showed decreased winning probability in the second contest. With a short interval (2 h), contest intensity negatively influenced the winning probability in winners, though the significance level of its effect was marginally above the statistical threshold. In contrast, contest intensity had no effect in losers. Notably, contest intensity positively correlated with the winning probability after the longer interval (1 d) in both winners and losers, suggesting that it reflects the intrinsic fighting potential of individuals. The possible mechanisms underlying the observed results were discussed. Our study illustrates the transient influence of past contests other than the winner–loser effect.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Behavioral Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a past contest on the future winning probability in a hyper‐aggressive fruit fly

Amino

Matsuo

2023

Ethology

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Fight outcome influences male mating success in Drosophila prolongata

Toyoshima

Matsuo

2023

J Ethol

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The outcomes of preceding fights can influence the probability of winning a subsequent fight, known as the winner/loser effect. However, we know relatively little about how the experience of a preceding fight influences subsequent mating success. Here, we investigated the influence of preceding fight outcomes on subsequent mating behavior in a fruit fly Drosophila prolongata. Subordinate males mated less in two-choice mating assays, showing that the fight outcome predicts male mating success in this species. This tendency remained in a no-choice mating assay where direct interaction between the dominant and subordinate males was eliminated, suggesting that the mating disadvantage of the subordinate males was dependent on the experience of the previous fight rather than the direct interference by the dominant male. When a no-choice mating assay was performed before the fight, the prospective subordinate males mated at the same rate as the dominant males, confirming that the intrinsic male qualities in fighting and mating performances were independent of each other in our experiments. These results indicated that the experience-dependent changes in the subordinate males led to the reduced mating success.

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Regulatory Changes in the Fatty Acid ElongaseeloFUnderlie the Evolution of Sex-specific Pheromone Profiles inDrosophila prolongata

Luo,

Takau,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Pheromones play a key role in regulating sexual behavior throughout the animal kingdom. In Drosophila and other insects, many cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are sexually dimorphic, and some are known to perform pheromonal functions. However, the genetic control of sex-specific CHC production is not understood outside of the model species D. melanogaster. A recent evolutionary change is found in D. prolongata, which, compared to its closest relatives, shows greatly increased sexual dimorphism in both CHCs and the chemosensory system responsible for their perception. A key transition involves a male-specific increase in the proportion of long-chain CHCs. Perfuming D. prolongata females with the male-biased CHCs reduces copulation success, suggesting that these compounds function as sex pheromones. The evolutionary change in CHC profiles correlates with a male-specific increase in the expression of multiple genes involved in CHC biosynthesis, including fatty acid elongases and reductases and other key enzymes. In particular, elongase F, which is responsible for producing female-specific pheromones in D. melanogaster, is strongly upregulated in D. prolongata males compared both to females and to males of the sibling species. Induced mutations in eloF reduce the amount of long-chain CHCs, resulting in a partial feminization of pheromone profiles in D. prolongata males while having minimal effect in females. Transgenic experiments show that sex-biased expression of eloF is caused in part by a putative transposable element insertion in its regulatory region. These results reveal one of the genetic mechanisms responsible for a recent evolutionary change in sexual communication.

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An Indirect Cost of Male-Male Aggression Arising from Female Response

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of a past contest on the future winning probability in a hyper‐aggressive fruit fly

Effects of a past contest on the future winning probability in a hyper‐aggressive fruit fly

Fight outcome influences male mating success in Drosophila prolongata

Regulatory Changes in the Fatty Acid ElongaseeloFUnderlie the Evolution of Sex-specific Pheromone Profiles inDrosophila prolongata

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