An insight into bisphenol A, food exposure and its adverse effects on health: A review

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical widely employed to synthesize epoxy resins, polymer materials, and polycarbonate plastics. BPA is abundant in the environment, i.e., in food containers, water bottles, thermal papers, toys, medical devices, etc., and is incorporated into soil/water through leaching. Being a potent endocrine disrupter, and has the potential to alter several body mechanisms. Studies confirmed its anti-androgen action and estrogen-like effects, which impart many negative health impacts, especially on the immune system, neuroendocrine process, and reproductive mechanism. Moreover, it can also induce mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, as per recent scientific research. This review focuses on BPA’s presence and concentrations in different environments, food sources and the basic mechanisms of BPA-induced toxicity and health disruptions. It is a unique review of its type because it focuses on the association of cancer, hormonal disruption, immunosuppression, and infertility with BPA. These issues are widespread today, and BPA significantly contributes to their incidence because of its wide usage in daily life utensils and other accessories. The review also discusses researched-based measures to cope with the toxic chemical.

Versatile MXenes as electrochemical sensors for heavy metal ions and phenolic moiety-containing industrial chemicals: recent development and prospects

“…BPA leaches into food and drinking water, increasing the risk of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. 24,183 These findings necessitate the regulation of BPA. 184 Therefore, detecting them by applying facile and sensitive methods is crucial.…”

Zebrafish as model organisms for toxicological evaluations in the field of food science

“…The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) banned the use of BPA, an estrogenmimicking EDC, in baby bottles and imposed a specific 0.6 mg/kg food-contact limit on other plastic food-contact materials. However, humans are frequently exposed to BPA through multiple routes in daily life, especially through their diet (Manzoor et al, 2022). By observing the physiological indices and structural changes of zebrafish and their embryos exposed to residual EDCs in common food, the effects of EDCs on human physiological processes can be further studied.…”

“…The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) banned the use of BPA, an estrogen‐mimicking EDC, in baby bottles and imposed a specific 0.6 mg/kg food‐contact limit on other plastic food‐contact materials. However, humans are frequently exposed to BPA through multiple routes in daily life, especially through their diet (Manzoor et al., 2022).…”

Bisphenol A promotes cell death in healthy respiratory system cells through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest

“…As well as having immediate effects on health, they can also have long‐term effects on the environment and ecosystems. It is, therefore, worthwhile to understand the potential risks of EDCs 4,5 …”

“…It is, therefore, worthwhile to understand the potential risks of EDCs. 4,5 Humans can suffer adverse health effects when continuously exposed to EDCs, such as phenols, parabens, and phthalates. In particular, phenols, especially bisphenol A (BPA), are linked to breast cancer, obesity, and altered reproductive functions.…”