An insight into microelectronics industry wastewater treatment, current challenges, and future perspectives: a critical review

Abstract

The microelectronics industry wastewater is attracting the scientific community and industry attention due to the high amount of organic and inorganic pollutants produced. Pollutants in microelectronic wastewater are considered qualitative contaminants, found in low concentrations but present with high risks to the environment and public health. The current paper highlights the most common pollutants in microelectronics wastewater and discusses the recent treatment technologies used to remove these contaminates. The review process was conducted based on the identification and screening of microelectronic wastewater and the principle of contaminant detection reported in previous research literature. It appears that tetramethylammonium hydroxide and ammonium are the major organic compounds in microelectronic wastewater, while heavy metals are among the inorganic pollutants with high environmental toxicity. The membrane filtration is the most efficient method for removing the pollutants (more than 90%) and producing ultrapure water. However, wastewater should be subjected to primary treatment using chemical and biological methods before undergoing the ultrafiltration process. The zero-discharge concept is more applicable in the microelectronics industries due to the stringent regulations associated with these industries. Microelectronic sludge represents the main challenge in wastewater recycling, while advanced treatment methods have been suggested for sludge treatment. More effort is required to recycle microelectronics owing to the high prices related to the disposal of these solids’ wastes.

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Bioleaching-Based Tungsten Recycling of Semiconductor Industry Waste

“…The extraction process for tungsten requires significant energy, and the complexity of the process results in costs that are approximately 8–20 times higher than those for aluminum, zinc, and copper. − Recycling technologies that are environmentally friendly and efficient in resource recovery within regulatory frameworks are expected to provide a solution to these challenges . Compared to various types of E-waste, wastewater from semiconductor production contains target metals at concentrations 2–40 times lower. − This characteristic enables the pretreatment of heavy metals, such as tungsten, in a powdered form, rendering bioleaching an advantageous area in recycling technology compared to other methods, as highlighted in previous studies. , …”