An insight into the low doping efficiency of Al in sol–gel-derived ZnO:Al films: role of the dopant chemical state

Zhu, Mingwei; B., H.; Jin, Ping; Jia, Nan; Chen, H.; Liu, C. Z.

doi:10.1007/s00339-020-03670-8

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…It was observed that Al and Sn are promising candidates for tailoring the ZnO properties [13,14]. Adding aluminum as a dopant reduces the crystallinity of ZnO but improves its electrical and optical properties [15,16]. Also, it has been reported by Duan, et al [14] that the incorporation of Sn in the ZnO lattice leads to a change in the morphology of ZnO nanocrystals from spherical to dumbbell-like shape with great enhancement in the near-and middle-infrared absorption which has been argued to the generation of localized surface plasmon resonance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many synthesis methods are employed to synthesize ZnO nanostructures including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), catalysis-driven molecular beam epitaxy, thermal evaporation, sonochemical method, and electrochemical deposition [12][13][14][15][16]. Among all, CVD is the most employed method where Zn or ZnO is evaporated in the hot zone (at temperature 900 -1400 K) of a horizontal tube furnace reactor and then the gaseous phase precursors are pushed by a carrier gas to condense in a lower temperature zone forming the ZnO nanostructures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Al and Sn Doping on the Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures

Ahmed,

Hasaneen,

Mohamed

et al. 2024

Sohag Journal of Sciences

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This work presents a comparison between the impact of Al and Sn doping on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures (NSs). The samples have been synthesized using the well-known chemical vapor deposition at optimized conditions of temperature and ambient gas. The formation of the hexagonal Wurtzite structure of the ZnO has been confirmed using the x-ray diffraction technique. The impact of doping by Al and Sn on the morphology and particle shapes of ZnO has been explored using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The Kubelka-Munk's and Tauc's equations have been used for studying the optical properties while the Burstein Moss shift effect has been employed to explain the increase in the optical energy gap upon doping. The undoped and doped nanostructures show typical semiconductor features and the electrical conduction mechanisms have been described using Arrhenius's model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Al and Sn Doping on the Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures

Ahmed,

Hasaneen,

Mohamed

et al. 2024

Sohag Journal of Sciences

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“…Nonetheless, the controlled addition of dopants is often challenging, especially at nanostructures. In this regard, the sol–gel route is limited in the capability of insertion of high-doping amount, as segregation is likely to occur [ 39 ]. Moreover, sol–gel films are often prone to cracking upon drying and, in the case of multicomponent films based on alkoxide precursors, different reactivity could lead to unwanted precipitation of monophasic phases rather than an homogeneous mix [ 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Alumina Addition on the Optical Properties and the Thermal Stability of Titania Thin Films and Inverse Opals Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition

et al. 2021

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TiO2 thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at low temperatures (<100 °C) are, in general, amorphous and exhibit a smaller refractive index in comparison to their crystalline counterparts. Nonetheless, low-temperature ALD is needed when the substrates or templates are based on polymeric materials, as the deposition has to be performed below their glass transition or melting temperatures. This is the case for photonic crystals generated via ALD infiltration of self-assembled polystyrene templates. When heated up, crystal phase transformations take place in the thin films or photonic structures, and the accompanying volume reduction as well as the burn-out of residual impurities can lead to mechanical instability. The introduction of cation doping (e.g., Al or Nb) in bulk TiO2 parts is known to alter phase transitions and to stabilize crystalline phases. In this work, we have developed low-temperature ALD super-cycles to introduce Al2O3 into TiO2 thin films and photonic crystals. The aluminum oxide content was adjusted by varying the TiO2:Al2O3 internal loop ratio within the ALD super-cycle. Both thin films and inverse opal photonic crystal structures were subjected to thermal treatments ranging from 200 to 1200 °C and were characterized by in- and ex-situ X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and spectroscopic reflectance measurements. The results show that the introduction of alumina affects the crystallization and phase transition temperatures of titania as well as the optical properties of the inverse opal photonic crystals (iPhC). The thermal stability of the titania iPhCs was increased by the alumina introduction, maintaining their photonic bandgap even after heat treatment at 900 °C and outperforming the pure titania, with the best results being achieved with the super-cycles corresponding to an estimated alumina content of 26 wt.%.

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“…By extrinsic doping with Al, introduced interstitially or substitutionally for Zn, the space around the defect is changed, and the layers of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) are characterized by a good transparency and electrical conductivity [22][23][24]. Different methods have been tested for the deposition of ZnO doped with Al (or In), such as sol-gel [25,26] and co-sputtering of ceramic targets [27], emphasizing the effect of dopant chemical state [25] and dopant excess [27] on the doping efficiency. Other deposition methods include pulsed laser deposition [28], spin coating [29], reactive pulsed laser deposition [30], the effect of deposition conditions on the morphological, structural, optical, and electrical properties of the film being investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arylenevinylene Oligomer-Based Heterostructures on Flexible AZO Electrodes

et al. 2021

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We investigated the optical and electrical properties of flexible single and bi-layer organic heterostructures prepared by vacuum evaporation with a p-type layer of arylenevinylene oligomers, based on carbazole, 3,3′ bis(N hexylcarbazole)vinylbenzene = L13, or triphenylamine, 1,4 bis [4 (N,N’ diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene = L78, and an n-type layer of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyrydil)21H,23H-porphyne = TPyP. Transparent conductor films of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) with high transparency, >90% for wavelengths >400 nm, and low resistivity, between 6.9 × 10−4 Ω·cm and 23 × 10−4 Ω·cm, were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on flexible substrates of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The properties of the heterostructures based on oligomers and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) were compared, emphasizing the effect of the surface morphology. The measurements revealed a good absorption in the visible range of the PET/AZO/arylenevinylene oligomer/TPyP heterostructures and a typical injection contact behavior with linear (ZnPc, L78) or non-linear (L13) J-V characteristics in the dark, at voltages <0.4 V. The heterostructure PET/AZO/L78/TPyP/Al showed a current density of ~1 mA/cm2 at a voltage of 0.3 V. The correlation between the roughness exponent, evaluated from the height-height correlation function, grain shape, and electrical behavior was analyzed. Consequently, the oligomer based on triphenylamine could be a promising replacement of donor ZnPc in flexible electronic applications.

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An insight into the low doping efficiency of Al in sol–gel-derived ZnO:Al films: role of the dopant chemical state

Cited by 13 publications

References 55 publications

The Effect of Al and Sn Doping on the Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures

The Effect of Al and Sn Doping on the Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures

Influence of Alumina Addition on the Optical Properties and the Thermal Stability of Titania Thin Films and Inverse Opals Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition

Arylenevinylene Oligomer-Based Heterostructures on Flexible AZO Electrodes

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