An Integrated Apatite Geochronology and Geochemistry Tool for Sedimentary Provenance Analysis

Abstract

Sediment provenance studies utilizing detrital geochronology are often limited by source‐rock non‐uniqueness with respect to mineral age. Thus, the development of integrated techniques which permit identification of source rock age and lithology are highly desirable. In this case study from the southern Massif Central, France, we target modern‐river sediment from the river Tarn to assess the utility of combined U‐Pb and multiple trace‐element geochemical analysis of detrital apatite as a provenance tool. The study area was chosen because the sediment source areas chiefly comprise a relatively simple mix of medium‐ to low‐grade Variscan metasediments and late Variscan granitoids, which should yield detrital apatite readily distinguishable by age, trace‐element chemistry, or both. Based on comparison with previously published apatite trace‐element data from metasedimentary rocks and granitoids, pelitic apatite in the river Tarn detritus is primarily distinguished by high Sr/Mn, light rare‐earth element depletion (LREE) and low actinide contents, whereas granitic apatite is characterized by much lower Sr/Mn, and high LREE and actinide abundances. These source rock determinations are highly consistent with apatite trace‐element data from Tarn tributaries that drain either predominantly metapelitic or granitoid catchments. U‐Pb analysis of detrital rutile was also undertaken on those catchments for comparative purposes. As pelitic and granitic apatite can be readily distinguished, samples that have experienced downstream sediment mixing can then be comprehensively characterized. Using this method we identify a source lithology for nearly every analyzed apatite grain in the river sediment, even though 59% of the analyzed grains do not yield reliable U‐Pb ages.

Geochemical Study of Detrital Apatite in Sediment from the Southern Okinawa Trough: New Insights into Sediment Provenance

“…The principal component 1 (PC1) vs. PC2 plot explained >74% of the variability in the data. The vectors (red arrows) point in the direction most similar to the variability in element contents and ratios [23,80]. Apatites in more mafic rocks are generally enriched with LREEs and depleted in HREEs [20,67,82], and are hence "pulled" toward the La/Lu, La, and Ce vectors [80].…”

“…The principal component analysis (PCA) plot can also be used to discriminate the provenance of detrital apatite [80]. The analyzed apatites from the four sections were plotted with apatites from various rocks with diverse compositions from the literature on a PCA plot (Figure 8), using the "Vegan: Community Ecology" package for R language [81].…”

“…The vectors (red arrows) point in the direction most similar to the variability in element contents and ratios [23,80]. Apatites in more mafic rocks are generally enriched with LREEs and depleted in HREEs [20,67,82], and are hence "pulled" toward the La/Lu, La, and Ce vectors [80]. Apatites in acidic rocks (e.g., S-type granite) are characterized by flat REE patterns, extremely negative Eu anomalies, and low Sr contents [28], which "push" apatite data away from the La/Lu, Sr, and Eu/Eu* vectors and toward the Lu (HREE) vectors [80].…”

“…Apatites in more mafic rocks are generally enriched with LREEs and depleted in HREEs [20,67,82], and are hence "pulled" toward the La/Lu, La, and Ce vectors [80]. Apatites in acidic rocks (e.g., S-type granite) are characterized by flat REE patterns, extremely negative Eu anomalies, and low Sr contents [28], which "push" apatite data away from the La/Lu, Sr, and Eu/Eu* vectors and toward the Lu (HREE) vectors [80]. Apatites in metamorphic rocks (e.g., metapelite and metabasite) are characterized by high Sr contents, flat or positive Eu anomalies, and low REE contents [70]; thus, metamorphic apatites are "pulled" toward the Sr and Eu/Eu* vectors and "repelled" by the REE vectors [80].…”

Multi-Tool (LA-ICPMS, EMPA and XRD) Investigation on Heavy Minerals from Selected Holocene Peat-Bog Deposits from the Upper Vistula River Valley, Poland

“…The origin of the second apatite population is less clear (Figure 4C,D). The REE patterns are more characteristic of metamorphic or hydrothermal apatite cf [55,56].…”