An integrated approach for the pathology assessment and protection of underground monuments in seismic regions. Application on some greek-roman monuments in Alexandria Egypt

Hemeda, Sayed

doi:10.12681/eadd/19166

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The tributary theory is based on average pillar stresses and derived stress value is generally close to the averages predicted by PLAXIS 3D.On other hand, the overloading of geostatic loading due to the overburden strata on the supporting rock pillars is obvious and it induced critical vertical cracks in these pillars also some sections have an overriding influence on the pillar stability, equation 3, particularly in terms of long-term creep effects and associated strength loss or thinning-out of the effective load bearing pillars and section, (Hemeda, 2008. In the original study of Salamon and Munro this occurred between safety factors of 1.3 to 1.9 with the mean being 1.6.…”

Section: Evaluate the Safety Factor And Stress State In The Structurasupporting

confidence: 70%

Geo-Environmental Monitoring and 3D Finite Elements Stability Analysis for site Investigation of Horemheb Tomb (Kv57), Luxor, Egypt

Hemeda

2020

Preprint

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The Valley of the Kings (KV) is a UNESCO world heritage site with more than thirty opened tombs. Recently, most of these tombs have been damaged and inundated after 1994 flood. The Pharaonic rock-cut tombs at the valley of kings at the west bank of Luxor, were excavated mainly in the lower member I of the Thebes Limestone Formations and Esna shale Formations. These underground structures show serve degrees of damage and disintegration of supporting rock pillars, sidewalls and ceilings. In order to understand the Geo-environmental impact mainly the past flash floods in particularly the 1994 flood due to the intensive rainfall storm on the valley of kings and the long-term rock mass behavior under geostatic stresses in selected Horemheb tomb (KV57) and its impact on past failures and current stability, Remote sensing, GIS, LIDAR, 3D finite element stability analysis and rock mass quality assessments had been carried out using advanced methods and codes. Geo-environmental monitoring and numerical analysis play an important role in the tunneling and underground works, especially for archaeological underground structures are subjected to large initial stresses and high overburden geostatic stresses. These conditions yield non-reversible deviatoric shear and creep strains that develop during time at constant stress and eventually increasing the rate of strain, namely the secondary and tertiary creep stages. Neglecting time effects may lead to incorrect evaluation of deformation, which may impact the criteria for selection of proper design. In order to describe the deformation in underground structures in the valley of kings, various approaches have been established based on analytical, empirical and numerical methods. It is clear that the tomb of Horemheb (KV57) is much more susceptible to surcharge geostatic loading from the overburden rock strata, rock bursting, and structural damage of support pillars and walls induced to the water and past/recent flash floods impacts caused by heavy rain in the Valley. Since some of this tomb also makes contact with the underlying shale layers, that have high activity and the potential for swelling and shrinkage under changing moisture conditions.Our work provides environmental satellite space views via landviewer EOS Platform with passive and active sensors which includes the NDVI, SAVI, ARVI, GCI, NBR, NDSI, LIDAR images, Terrain DEM Digital Elevation Models, 3D geological maps. In other hand experimental and Numerical geotechnical evaluations and modeling of the rock mass of these underground structures and their surroundings have been executed. We estimated the rock mass quality of the different members within the Thebes limestone and Esna shale formations using the mechanical testing and Rock Mass Rating (RMR), rock quality system (Q-system) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems.Our analyses show that the KV57 rock- cut tomb at Luxor has been cut into poor to very poor quality marl shale masses. Rock failures of ceilings and pillars were frequently facilitated by local, unfavorably oriented persistent discontinuities, such as tension cracks and faults. Other failures were related to the disintegration of the marl limestone and Esna shale Formations into individual nodules upon weathering. Our data suggest that, in ancient Egypt monumental tomb construction, low-strength rock masses rarely resulted in modifications of the planned tomb design in order to minimise the risk of rock falls and to prevent collapses. The current flood protection measures are not enough. For this two following measures are proposed 1- to rise the current wall by 50cm. 2- to fill the depression by reshaping bathymetry.

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Section: Evaluate the Safety Factor And Stress State In The Structurasupporting

confidence: 70%

Geo-Environmental Monitoring and 3D Finite Elements Stability Analysis for site Investigation of Horemheb Tomb (Kv57), Luxor, Egypt

Hemeda

2020

Preprint

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“…3, particularly in terms of long-term creep effects and associated strength loss or thinning-out of the effective load bearing pillars and section, (Hemeda 2008). In the original study of Salamon and Munro this occurred between safety factors of 1.3 to 1.9 with the mean being 1.6.…”

Section: Also Overstress Statementioning

confidence: 98%

Engineering failure analysis and design of support system for ancient Egyptian monuments in Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt

Hemeda

2018

Geoenviron Disasters

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Background: The paper represents the first comprehensive experimental and numerical study for engineering failure analysis and appropriate design for the permanent mechanical support system for the tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II (KV5). It is, in fact, one of the largest rock cut tombs ever found in Egypt. During the late 18th Dynasty and throughout the19th, the tombs are usually located further down the Valley some distance from the rock walls. The builders often quarried through talus slopes, such as in the case of the tomb of Sons of Ramses II. It is clear that the tomb of sons of Ramsses II is much more susceptible to surcharge geostatic loading from the overburden rock strata, rock bursting, and structural damage of support pillars and walls induced to the water and past/recent flash floods impacts caused by heavy rain in the Valley. Since some of this tomb also makes contact with the underlying shale layers, that have the potential for swelling and shrinkage under changing moisture conditions. Expansive damages to these underground structures have been widely noticed in the Valley of the Kings. This tomb tends to be the worst preserved tomb in the Valley of the Kings. The Esna shale in the valley is particularly weak and unstable. It not only posed problems to the ancient quarryman, but to the modern conservator as well. When the shale comes into contact with moisture, it expands and can literally tear a hill side apart. Results: The main adjectives of the geoenvironmental and geotechnical analyses carried out in the present study are to investigate the static stability, safety margins and engineering failure of the tomb of Sons of Ramsses II (KV5) under their present conditions, against unfavorable environmental (i.e. extensive weathering due to water and flash floods impact in the past and present), utter lack of preservation, geostatic overloading of structural rock support pillars, geotechnical and extreme seismic conditions. Also to design an appropriate geotechnical support system, according to the engineering rock mass classification, in particularly the rock mass rating RMR and quality rock tunneling index Q-system.

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“…Based on such concepts, research into soft rock materials has intensified in the last two decades [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnical Characterization of Sakakini’s Palace Stones and Other Construction Materials, Cairo-Egypt

Hemeda¹

2013

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The understanding of the geotechnical problems and failure mechanisms of stone structures of Sakakini palace (1897 after century) entails a comprehensive study on the mechanical behaviour of the stones and other construction materials. In addition to micro analysis, geological and geomorphologic interests, several investigations on stone deterioration and engineering geology were performed. First phase included more sophisticated techniques, which provided additional information on particular aspects of site deterioration and it included laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBs), electron probe micro analysis, micro XRD and XRF analyses, scanning electron microscope analysis coupled with EDX probing, transmission electron microscopy and grain size distribution analysis, permeability and pore size distribution of stone, mortars, core binders and other construction materials. Second phase included the determination of mechanical properties of building stones, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and shear strength. To arrive at reliable values for these properties, a suitable number of samples should be extracted, prepared for testing, and properly tested. The test results are then analyzed to establish the investigated stone properties. The testing program includes extracting seven cylindrical cores from the basement stone walls of Sakakini's mansion in down town Cairo. The cores are extracted using rotary cylindrical diamond blade coring machine. The top and bottom surfaces of every core were prepared to be flat circular surfaces perpendicular to the vertical axis of the core. Because the palace is museum and attractive places for the tourists, core sampling could be carried out only at a limited number of locations under official permission. For the purpose, cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 42 -44 mm and height of 90 -100 mm, prepared by the use of a core drilling machine and some collected blocks from the archaeological site under investigation were taken to determine the bulk structure, physical, short and long-term mechanical properties of the stone and other construction materials in the laboratory. A number of specimens prepared from these blocks were employed for testing. Furthermore, limitation due to the number of blocks was overcome by the determination of the in situ characteristics of the stones by Schmidt hammer tests, geo-tomographic investigations and rock mass classification on some stone rock structures where testing has been permitted. The objectives of the study are to provide a characterization of micro structures and the mechanical properties of the stones of Sakakini's Mansion; describe the required testing plan; describe the test results and conclude the values of the basic mechanical properties of the building stones. The following sections provide detailed descriptions of the steps taken to achieve the objectives of the study. The purpose of the present research is to provide recommendations regarding the strengthening and the safety of...

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An integrated approach for the pathology assessment and protection of underground monuments in seismic regions. Application on some greek-roman monuments in Alexandria Egypt

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Geo-Environmental Monitoring and 3D Finite Elements Stability Analysis for site Investigation of Horemheb Tomb (Kv57), Luxor, Egypt

Geo-Environmental Monitoring and 3D Finite Elements Stability Analysis for site Investigation of Horemheb Tomb (Kv57), Luxor, Egypt

Engineering failure analysis and design of support system for ancient Egyptian monuments in Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt

Geotechnical Characterization of Sakakini’s Palace Stones and Other Construction Materials, Cairo-Egypt

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