An Integrated Flow–Electric–Thermal Model for a Cylindrical Li‐Ion Battery Module with a Direct Liquid Cooling Strategy

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are on their way to becoming a dominating energy storage technology, especially for application in electric vehicles, [1,2] due to their excellent performance in terms of combinations of energy density, power capability, energy efficiency, and cycle life. In recent decades, there have been plenty of investigations, both using experimental measurements [3][4][5] and simulations, [6][7][8][9] aiming to improve the safety, energy, and power of LiBs. This has led to a consensus that the performance of LiBs is largely dependent on their operational temperature, [10][11][12][13][14] explaining the growing interest in thermal control of LiBs, both at the cell and system level and to increased efforts in coupled thermal and electrochemical modeling of cell behavior. [15][16][17][18][19] However, most of the existing coupled thermal and electrochemical models are either built on the single-cell level, which is not applicable in the investigation of the effect of the battery module design. Alternatively, they are built based on the most simply operational air-cooling system. The aim of the present study is, therefore, to establish an integrated model at the battery module level, which can take into account the simultaneous and interdependent thermal behavior of different cells and the effects from relevant multi-physical fields caused by different cooling strategies, incorporating fluid flow and heat transfer across both fluid and solid domains.Since the thermal behavior of the batteries/module is determined by the balance between heat generation and dispassion rate, the first step to building a convincing integrated model is to understand the heat generation within the battery, i.e., to build a precise thermal model. The existing thermal models for LiBs can be classified into lumped-parameter models, [20] electric-thermal models, [6,21] electrochemical-thermal models, [22,23] and thermal runaway models. [24,25] Among these, the electrochemical-thermal model can provide the most detailed information on the battery physics, which makes it possible to extract heat generated from different components, [26] making it favorable from a battery design point of view. For example, Kim et al. discussed the impact of geometry and position of the tabs on the temperature gradient in an operated battery, [27] while Lee et al. [28] found that the heat

Ulam–Hyers Stability of Linear Differential Equation with General Transform

“…In this segment, we are inspired by [7] their application to examine the Ulam-type stability of the proposed equations as the Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system under the general integral transform.…”

“…The new approaches and techniques developed in the field of Ulam-Hyers stability in differential equations find a lot of applications in other areas such as physics, electronics, biology, economics, mechanics, etc. [5][6][7]. The stability of functional equations is studied in [8] and the application of parallel electrical circuits.…”

“…Now, the general integral transform derivative properties given in Theorem 1 applying the (7), we obtain…”

Simulation Study on Thermal Performance of an Indirect Boiling Cooling Cylindrical Battery System with Two‐Phase Coolant R141b

“…The traditional BTMSs are categorized into active, passive, and hybrid cooling systems according to the presence or absence of external energy sources. [ 8 ] In addition, the BTMSs are also categorized as air cooling, [ 9 ] liquid cooling, [ 10 ] phase change material (PCM) cooling, [ 11 ] and heat pipe (HP) cooling, [ 12 ] depending on the nature of coolant used. An active cooling system mainly comprising air and liquid cooling uses heat exchange equipment assembled inside or outside the module to forcibly take away heat to improve the cooling performance.…”

Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Thermal Characteristics of Large‐Capacity Square Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Low‐Temperature Discharge

“…Sun et al [24] experimentally investigated the characteristics of LiFePO 4 battery degradation caused by overcharging at 10 °C and below. In terms of battery thermal management system, Ping, Leng, Mousavi, Yazici, Verma, Zhuang, Ambekar, and Lorenzo et al [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] greatly improved the energy consumption and efficiency of battery management through simulation and experiment studies, using methods such as coupling of phase change materials and liquid tubes.…”