“…While DNA and immunoassays are sensitive, selective and faster than classic culture-based methods, they presume costly instrumentation, significant cost per assay, possibly suffer from interferences from real samples, and/or cannot differentiate live/dead bacteria, all of which prevent their application on a wider scale. There was a significant progress in development of microfluidic devices with complex capabilities for bacteria isolation, cell lysis and DNA amplification for identifying live bacteria [ 87 ]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), [ 88 ] dielectrophoresis [ 89 , 90 ], and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) [ 91 ] are among the other modern techniques that have been integrated with microchips or biosensors.…”