“…As a fully Lagrangian meshless method, whereby a set of particles are introduced to discretize the continuum media and their interactions determined by a Gaussianlike kernel function to approximate the mechanics, the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) [1,2] has been demonstrated to be a compromising alternative of meshbased methods and received significant interest in the past decades [3,4,5,6]. Thanks to its Lagrangian feature, the SPH method has shown peculiar advantages in handling free-surface flows [7,8] involving violent impact and breaking events [9], structure analysis with crack propagation and large deformation [4,10,11] and multi-physics problems [12] including fluid-structure interactions (FSI) [13,14,15], multi-phase flows [16,17,18], additive manufacturing [19,20] and cardiac modeling [21,22,23], and comprehensive reviews can be found in recent Refs. [9,14,24,25,26,27,28].…”