In the context of today’s rapid economic and social development, school-enterprise cooperation in vocational education has become increasingly important. The cooperation process can be challenging due to the differences in the interests of the cooperating parties. The study constructs a vocational education school-enterprise cooperation model based on the use of game theory in school-enterprise cooperation and combines it with the game model of the school-enterprise cooperation mechanism and the power mechanism of the school-enterprise cooperation game. Examine the impact of school-enterprise cooperation on the evolution strategy of school-enterprise parties in school-enterprise cooperation and propose recommendations for the development path of school-enterprise cooperation. In school-enterprise cooperation, the different initial willingness of school enterprises, cooperation benefits, extra costs of the university side, positive benefits of the university side, and betrayal benefits all have impacts on the strategy evolution process. Among them, the initial willingness of the school enterprise, cooperation gains, and positive gains of the university side are positively correlated with the strategy evolution process. When both the university and the enterprise value their initial willingness at (0.9), they tend to exhibit a positive cooperative tendency. When the cooperation gain (R) reaches a value of 50, the system evolves to (1,1). The system steadily transitions from the stability point (0,0) to (1,1) as the university side’s positive gain increases from 1 to 3. In contrast, as the extra costs and betrayal gains on the university side increase, university-enterprise cooperation shows a negative trend.