“… Halverson and Graham (2019) added that personal and contextual facilitators of engagement, including learner characteristics and thoughtful learning experience design, can increase the likelihood of learner engagement, and learner engagement in blended learning environments will support advances in blended learning engagement research that is increasingly real-time, minimally intrusive, and maximally generalizable across subject matter contexts ( Cheng et al, 2018a , b , 2021a , 2021b ; Cheng R. et al, 2019 ; Cheng Y. et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Dai et al, 2020 ).…”