An Interim Report on the Development of the Psychological Trauma and Resources Scales

Holmes, George R.; Forand, Angela Q.; Myers, De Rosset; Leonhardt, Tami V.; Caesar, Robert; Cuccaro, Michael L.; Hood, Melissa; Stader, Sandra R.; McNulty, George F.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.819

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…A review of these instruments reveals, however, that only a few contain any items that are specifically intended to retrospectively assess low (as opposed to high) magnitude childhood adversity in adults. The few examples that can be cited include The Life Stressor Checklist – Revised (Wilson, & Kean, 1997), the Psychological Trauma and Resources Scales (Holmes et al, 1997), and the Undesirable Life-Event score from the Coddington Life Event Schedule (McKeown et al, 1998). But none of the instruments that retrospectively assesses low magnitude adverse events of childhood also attempt to assess individual respondents' appraisal of those events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Association between Retrospective Appraisal of Childhood Reactivity and Post-Discharge Traumatic Stress in Combat Veterans.

Ginsberg¹,

Ayres²,

Burriss³

et al. 2006

Traumatology

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A small-scale exploratory study (Ginsberg, Ayers, Burriss, & Powell, 2004) was extended to include additional participants. Results of the two studies showed a high degree of agreement and, taken together, indicate that retrospective appraisal of low magnitude adverse experiences in childhood (before age 17) may be significantly associated with post-discharge traumatic stress (PTS) in combat veterans. The number of adverse childhood experiences per individual veteran was not found to be significantly associated with PTS or other psychological outcome (state anxiety, trait anxiety, or depression). However, ratings of fear of physical effects from childhood adversity were positively and significantly correlated with PTS, and of equal significance with combat exposure in explaining PTS variance. Increased ratings of fear of childhood adversity also were significantly associated with chronicity of PTS in all participants. These results support a conclusion that retrospectively assessed childhood reactivity may represent a marker of vulnerability to chronic PTS among veterans. Further research that overcomes methodological weaknesses, explores possible mechanisms of instatement of childhood reactivity, and elaborates the relationship between reactivity and stable personality traits is needed. Practice implications manifestly include assessment and prognostication of chronic traumatic stress reactions as well as sensitivity to and incorporation of early life issues into treatment approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%