“…Specifically, S3 literature is almost entirely devoid of mention of innovation intermediaries, seen by many innovation systems' analysts as key vehicles to deliver "institutionalized learning", which is at the very core of RIS conceptualization (Cooke, Gomez Uranga, & Etxebarria, 1997). Moreover, innovation intermediaries are currently the subject of extensive analysis and debates in the broader economic development literature (Katzy, Turgut, Holzmann, & Sailer, 2013;Nilsson & Sia-Ljungström, 2013;Kivimaa, 2014;Kokshagina, Le Masson, Kazakci, & Bories, 2015;Mgumia, Mattee, & Kundi, 2015;Kerry & Danson, 2016;Lukkarinen et al, 2018;Vidmar, 2018). Hence, a critical gap has emerged in understanding how innovation intermediaries are deployed to support S3 policy.…”