An International Perspective on the Regulation of Rodenticides

Eisemann, John D.; Fisher, Penny; Buckle, Alan; Humphrys, Simon

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_11

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In addition, the first survey of ARs in wildlife in Finland, which was conducted after the implementation of AR regulatory measures in that country in 2011, found residues in 82% of 17 species of avian and mammalian predators and scavengers (Koivisto et al 2018). As different countries implement overlapping and divergent risk‐mitigation strategies, continued data‐driven evaluation of the effectiveness of these measures through analysis of temporal trends in sentinel species is critical (Huang et al 2016; Buckle and Prescott 2018; Eisemann et al 2018; Lohr and Davis 2018; Sainsbury et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regulatory action in the United States to protect people, pets, and wildlife from exposure to and potential toxicosis from ARs was initiated in 2008 when the USEPA issued the Risk Mitigation Decision for Ten Rodenticides (US Environmental Protection Agency 2008; reviewed in Eisemann et al 2018). Under this decision, the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and difethialone are not allowed to be sold through general consumer retail outlets or in small‐quantity packages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AR = anticoagulant rodenticide; Brod = brodifacoum; Brom = bromadiolone; Chlor = chlorophacinone; Difen = difenacoum; Difeth = difethialone; Diphac = diphacinone; NA = not applicable, all samples below LOQ or reporting limit; ND = not detected; Warf = warfarin. Eisemann et al 2018). Under this decision, the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and difethialone are not allowed to be sold through general consumer retail outlets or in small-quantity packages.…”

Section: Exposure To Ars and Implications For Risk-mitigation Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Murray

2020

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Prior studies (2006-2016) in birds of prey admitted to a wildlife clinic in Massachusetts, USA, revealed widespread exposure to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) among red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, RTHAs). Continued monitoring of species for which historic data are available can reveal trends in exposure that aid in evaluating the effectiveness of risk-mitigation measures. While the majority of exposure-monitoring studies utilize liver tissue collected postmortem, antemortem modalities, such as serum analysis, may be desirable for risk assessments in certain populations. However, the sensitivity of serum for detecting anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is not well studied. Paired liver and serum samples from 43 RTHAs were evaluated from 2017 to 2019. In liver tissue, 100% of birds were positive for ARs, with the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone identified most frequently; 91% of birds had liver residues of 2 to 4 ARs. These findings represent the highest exposure both to ARs overall and to multiple ARs in RTHAs compared to previous studies. All birds diagnosed with AR toxicosis (n = 14) were positive for ARs in serum; however, all subclinically exposed birds (n = 29) were negative in serum. These data show that exposure to SGARs remains widespread in RTHAs in this geographic area. In addition, although serum analysis is not sensitive for detecting sublethal exposures in RTHAs, it can potentially support a diagnosis of AR toxicosis in conjunction with other consistent signs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exposure To Ars and Implications For Risk-mitigation Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Murray

2020

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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“…[41][42][43] These superwarfarins found rapid market acceptance and is reflected in the number of registered products. 44 The Table lists commonly encountered anticoagulant rodenticides with their respective molecular formula and molecular weight.…”

Section: The Vitamin K Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Superwarfarin (Long-Acting Anti-coagulant Rodenticides) Poisoning: from Pathophysiology to Laboratory-Guided Clinical Management

Chong

Mak

2019

CBR

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Superwarfarins are long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides developed from warfarin. The mechanism of action is by inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase, resulting in the inability of the body to recycle vitamin K. Deficiency of vitamin K thereafter leads to inability for the body to synthesise vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, factor II, VII, IX, and X, leading to prolonged prothrombin time. Due to the bulky aromatic sidechains, superwarfarins have a much longer half-life when compared to warfarin, and exposure to superwarfarins results in a prolonged period of anticoagulation which can result in clinical bleeding. Diagnosis is straight forward in patients with known history of superwarfarin exposure but has proved difficult for patients who did not report superwarfarin intake. Superwarfarin poisoning should therefore be suspected in all patients with unexplained prolongation of prothrombin time, and can be confirmed by their detection in serum. Treatment for superwarfarin poisoning includes rapid correction of factor deficiencies with either four factor prothrombin complex concentrate or fresh frozen plasma in patients with active bleeding, and high dose vitamin K therapy given multiple times per day for a prolonged period of weeks to months.

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“…Despite SGARs having been recognized as a threat to wildlife and mitigation measures having been implemented (Eisemann et al 2018), they remain in widespread use with corresponding wildlife impacts. Continued efforts to 1) monitor the effects of all ARs on wildlife, 2) lessen these impacts throught mitigation, 3) develop alternative rodent control approaches and toxicants, and 4) promote awareness of the risk of ARs to wildlife among the general public and PMPs are still needed (Elliott et al 2016, Fourel et al 2017, Memmott et al 2017, Buckle and Prescott 2018.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Birds of Prey in the Wildlife Rehabilitation Setting

Murray¹

2018

vertebrate_pest_conference

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Monitoring anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposures in birds of prey presented to a wildlife clinic or rehabilitation setting has several advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include the ability to document signs of toxicosis in live birds. Additionally, in birds that die due to AR toxicosis, post-mortem lesions in the non-frozen, non-autolyzed cadaver will illustrate patterns of AR-induced hemorrhage. In birds that die or are euthanized due to other causes, liver samples can be collected and analyzed for AR residues. Disadvantages include an inability to ascertain the dose of AR ingested. In birds with exposure to multiple ARs, the timing of ingestion is also unknown. The route of exposure and pathway through the food chain likewise are unknown. Importantly, determining the true incidence of toxicosis and mortality among the sampled birds is not possible because birds that are found and transported for care may not be reflective of mortalities in the overall population. Despite the limitations of this method of sampling, much useful information can be gathered, particularly in studies that are continued over time. Two such monitoring studies conducted in Massachusetts, USA over a ten-year period, showing widespread exposure among sampled birds, will be discussed. In addition, other information that is needed to enhance the data obtained by cadaver sampling will be highlighted, particularly as these data gaps relate to evaluation of mitigation efforts.

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An International Perspective on the Regulation of Rodenticides

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Superwarfarin (Long-Acting Anti-coagulant Rodenticides) Poisoning: from Pathophysiology to Laboratory-Guided Clinical Management

Monitoring Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Birds of Prey in the Wildlife Rehabilitation Setting

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