An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations

Bonneau, Michel; Walstra, P.; Claudi-Magnussen, C.; Kempster, A. J.; Tornberg, Eva; Fischer, K.; Diestre, A.; Siret, F.; Chevillon, Patrick; Claus, R.; Dijksterhuis, Garmt; Punter, Pieter; Matthews, Kim; Agerhem, Halina; Béague, M.P.; Oliver, M.A.; Gispert, M.; Weiler, Ulrike; Seth, Gertrud von; Leask, H.; Furnols, María Font; Homer, Dawn; Cook, G. L.

doi:10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00105-9

Cited by 81 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Oonk et al (1995) reported that skatole (3-methylindole) may contribute more to boar taint than steroids when pigs were euthanised at a low weight (<80 kg). Many studies (Babol et al, 1996;Metz et al, 2002) showed that active immunisation against GnRH-I reduced the concentrations of fat skatole to a value below 0.2 g/g, which is the threshold level for the detection of boar taint in fresh pork (Dunshea et al, 2001;Bonneau et al, 2000;Kantas et al, 2014). In the present study, the average body weight was about 100 kg at euthanisation and all animals had low 3-methylindole levels below 0.2 g/g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Reduced Concentration of Androstenone and Up-Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase mRNA Levels by Active Immunisation Against Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I

Liu¹,

Fang²,

Jiang³

et al. 2014

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of active immunisation against recombinant maltose binding protein-gonadotropin releasing hormone I (MBP-GnRH-I6) in preventing boar taint. The concentrations of testosterone and anti-GnRH-I antibodies in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The mRNA levels of 3 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 -HSD) and 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 -HSD) in testes were analysed by real time quantitative PCR. The concentrations of androstenone and 3-methylindole in backfat were assayed by HPLC. Active immunisation against MBP-GnRH-I6 increased the serum concentration of anti-GnRH-I antibodies (P<0.05) and the levels of 3 -HSD and 17 -HSD mRNA in testis. However, it reduced the serum concentrations of testosterone (P<0.05) and androstenone. The concentration of 3-methylindole in backfat (P>0.05) was not changed. Thus, we conclude that vaccination against MBPGnRH-I6 is a practical and effective method to suppress the synthesis of androstenone.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Reduced Concentration of Androstenone and Up-Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase mRNA Levels by Active Immunisation Against Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I

Liu¹,

Fang²,

Jiang³

et al. 2014

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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“…Although the authors stated that it was not possible to determine threshold values, they presented regression equations to predict consumer dissatisfaction (Matthews et al, 2000). Their model predicts that the adoption of threshold values of 1.0 and 0.20 µg g -1 fat for androstenone and skatole, respectively, would essentially halve the differences in dissatisfaction (Bonneau et al, 2000b). Based on these values, in the current study only one EM would have been rejected by the consumer due to high skatole content (0.26 µg g -1 fat).…”

Section: Immunocastration Against Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (Gnrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of production performance and carcass quality characteristics of boars immunised against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) compared with physically castrated male, entire male and female pigs

Morales

Gispert

Hortós

et al. 2010

Span. j. agric. res.

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The objectives of this study were to assess the performance and carcass quality characteristics of boars immunised against gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH (IM) compared with physically castrated males (PM), entire males (EM) and entire female pigs (EF). For the study 288 crossbred (Large White × Landrace) pigs were used comprising four equal groups of 72 IM, 72 PM, 72 EM and 72 EF. The study period was from 74 days of age (31.2 ± 5.57 kg body weight; mean ± std. dev.) to slaughter at 172 days of age (107.7 ± 14.82 kg body weight). PM were physically castrated at 5 days of age and IM pigs were vaccinated with the GnRH vaccine Improvac ® (Pfizer Animal Health) at 74 and 145 days of age (89.1 ± 15.93 kg body weight). Across the duration of the study period, growth rate was numerically highest in IM group and significantly higher than EF (P < 0.01). This was also reflected in respective slaughter weights. EM had the lowest feed:gain ratio (P < 0.001) followed by IM which had a lower ratio than both PM and EF. At slaughter, testes weights were reduced in IM by approximately 55% (P < 0.001) compared with EM. Fat content (backfat thickness and intramuscular fat) was higher and lean percentage of carcass lower in PM compared to all other groups (P < 0.05), with no differences between EF, EM and IM. Boar taint compounds, skatole and androstenone, were lower in IM pigs compared with EM (P < 0.05), and not differing from the concentrations measured in PM and EF. Immunisation of entire male pigs against GnRH allows improved feed efficiency compared with physical castrates with no detriment to carcass or meat quality.Additional key words: boar taint, carcass quality, GnRH immunization, production performance, swine. Resumen Evaluación de los rendimientos productivos y de las características de la calidad de la canal de cerdos machos inmunizados frente a la hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH) en comparación con machos castrados quirúrgicamente, machos enteros y hembrasLos objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar la productividad y características de la calidad de la canal de cerdos inmunizados frente a GnRH (IM) en comparación con machos castrados físicamente (PM), machos enteros (EM) y hembras (EF). Se utilizaron un total de 288 híbridos comerciales (Large White × Landrace). Los PM fueron castrados a los 5 días de vida, mientras que los cerdos IM se vacunaron con GnRH Improvac ® (Pfizer Animal Health) a los 74 (31,2 ± 5,57 kg peso vivo; media ± desv. est.) y 145 días de edad (89,1 ± 15,93 kg peso vivo). La ganancia de peso diaria fue numéricamente mayor en el grupo IM, y de forma significativa frente a las EF (P < 0,01). Este efecto también se reflejó en los pesos de sacrificio. EM mostraron el menor valor de índice de conversión (P < 0,001) seguidos por IM, que mostraron un menor índice que PM y EF. En el sacrificio, el peso testicular se redujo en IM un 55% (P < 0,001) en comparación con EM. El contenido de grasa (espesor de grasa dorsal y grasa intramuscular) fue mayor y el porcentaje magro de la c...

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“…In order to examine further the relationship between SULT2A1 activity and 5 -androstenone accumulation in fat, animals were separated into two groups based on fat 5 -androstenone concentrations either above or below the limit of 0·5 µg/g. This limit has been determined to be relevant to consumer satisfaction in the detection of taint (Bonneau et al 2000). Both testicular and hepatic SULT2A1 activities (Fig.…”

Section: Relationship Between Sult2a1 Activity and 5 -Androstenone Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning and regulation of porcine SULT2A1: relationship between SULT2A1 expression and sulfoconjugation of androstenone

Sinclair

Gilmore²,

Lin³

et al. 2006

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) is a key enzyme in the testicular and hepatic metabolism of 5 -androstenone, which is a major component of the off-odor and off-flavor in pork known as boar taint. The goals of this study were to determine the role of testicular and hepatic SULT2A1 activity on plasma 5 -androstenone sulfate levels, the accumulation of 5 -androstenone in adipose tissue, and to gain insight into the regulatory control of SULT2A1. Testicular SULT2A1 activity was negatively correlated (r= −0·57; P,0·01) with 5 -androstenone concentrations in fat. The differences observed in SULT2A1 activity warranted investigation into potential genetic variation within porcine SULT2A1. The cDNA sequence of porcine Sult2A1 was determined to be .82% homologous to the human, mouse, and rat Sult2A1 genes. A single nucleotide polymorphism was detected within the coding region of the Sult2A1 from individual testes and liver samples; however, this did not affect the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. Western blot analysis determined that animals with high concentrations of 5 -androstenone in fat and low SULT2A1 activity had corresponding low levels of SULT2A1 protein compared with animals with low levels of 5 -androstenone in fat. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that Sult2A1 mRNA was increased 2·8-fold in animals with high levels of the protein relative to animals with low levels of the protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated the positive role of the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor, as well as the possible role of farnesoid X receptor in the regulation of testicular SULT2A1 activity. Together, the results of this study suggest that differences in SULT2A1 expression can influence 5 -androstenone accumulation in fat.

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An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations

Cited by 81 publications

References 11 publications

Reduced Concentration of Androstenone and Up-Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase mRNA Levels by Active Immunisation Against Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I

Reduced Concentration of Androstenone and Up-Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase mRNA Levels by Active Immunisation Against Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I

Evaluation of production performance and carcass quality characteristics of boars immunised against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) compared with physically castrated male, entire male and female pigs

Molecular cloning and regulation of porcine SULT2A1: relationship between SULT2A1 expression and sulfoconjugation of androstenone

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