An intracellular gill parasite as the possible causative agent of mortality during swim‐bladder inflammation in common carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.

Voronin, V. N.; Чернышева, Н. Б.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1993.tb00899.x

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Using TEM, high numbers of intracellular parasites were detected in the pillar cells of the gills and in the endothelium of blood vessels of different organs of SBI carp [22, 30, 31]. It was suggested that these parasite stages belong to S. dykovae [30, 31] . However, the related electronmicrographs show that they represent cell doublets that contain sporoplasmosomes inside their primary cells, which are often membrane-associated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

Holzer

Hartigan

Patra

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundSwim bladder inflammation (SBI) is an important disease of common carp fingerlings in Central Europe. In the 1980s, its etiology was ascribed to multicellular proliferative stages of the myxozoan parasite Sphaerospora dykovae (formerly S. renicola). S. dykovae was reported to proliferate in the blood and in the swim bladder prior to the invasion of the kidney, where sporogony takes place. Due to the presence of emerging numbers of proliferative myxozoan blood stages at different carp culture sites in recent years we analysed cases of SBI, for the first time, using molecular diagnostics, to identify the myxozoan parasites present in diseased swim bladders.MethodsWe amplified myxozoan SSU rDNA in a non-specific approach and compared the species composition in swim bladders at culture sites where carp demonstrated 1. No signs of SBI, 2. Minor pathological changes, and 3. Heavy SBI. Based on DNA sequences, we determined the localisation and distribution of the most frequent species by in situ hybridisation, thereby determining which myxozoans are involved in SBI.ResultsLarge multicellular myxozoan swim bladder stages characterised heavy SBI cases and were identified as S. dykovae, however, blood stages were predominantly represented by Sphaerospora molnari, whose numbers were greatly increased in carp with mild and heavy SBI, compared with SBI-free fish. S. molnari was found to invade different organs and cause inflammatory changes also in the absence of S. dykovae. One site with mild SBI cases was characterised by Buddenbrockia sp. infection in different organs and a general granulomatous response.ConclusionsWe provide evidence that the etiology of SBI can vary in relation to culture site and disease severity and that emerging numbers of S. molnari in the blood represent an important co-factor or precondition for SBI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

Holzer

Hartigan

Patra

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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“…Nevertheless, life cycles and rDNA data strongly suggest that the Myxozoa are comprised of 2 major taxa-those with annelids alternate hosts and those with bryozoan alternate hosts, i.e., PKX and possibly T. byrozoides if it has a fish stage. Organisms very similar to PKX have been observed in carp (Cyprinus carpio), which is not a host for PKX (Voronin and Chernysheva, 1993). Therefore, myxozoans other than T. renicola n. sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracapsula renicola n. sp. (Myxozoa:Saccosporidae); The PKX Myxozoan: The Cause of Proliferative Kidney Disease of Salmonid Fishes

Kent¹,

Khattra²,

Hedrick³

et al. 2000

The Journal of Parasitology

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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fishes is caused by the extrasporogonic stage of an enigmatic myxozoan, referred to as PKX. Sporogenesis occurs in the renal tubules, resulting in monosporous pseudoplasmodia. The spores are ovoid with indistinguishable valves and measure 12 microm in length and 7 microm in width. Two spherical polar capsules (2 microm diameter) with 4 coils occur at the anterior end of the spore. Prominent capsulogenic cell nuclei posterior to the polar capsules are evident in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Regardless of the true nature of the valves (indistinguishable or absent), this myxozoan is morphologically distinct from all other described members of the phylum Myxozoa. Comparisons of small subunit rDNA sequences of PKX with other myxozoans demonstrated that it branches from all other members of the myxosporeans from fish examined thus far, including representatives of the phenotypically most closely related genera, Sphaerospora and Parvicapsula. Recent reports, based on rDNA comparisons, indicate that the alternate stage of PKX occurs in bryozoans, and that PKX clusters in a clade with Tetracapsula bryozoides. Our analyses and those of others, along with phenotypic observations, indicate that salmonids are the primary myxosporean hosts for PKX, that the cryptic spores of PKX in salmonids are the fully formed myxospores as they occur in the fish host, and that PKX represents distinct species that we previously place in the genus Tetracapsula in the family Saccosporidae. The latter 2 taxa were described based on stages from bryozoans, and the myxosporean stage in fish of the type species, T. bryozoides, has not been identified (if it exists). Thus, more complete resolution of the life cycle of both PKX and T. bryozoides, as well as more genetic data, are required to determine the precise relationship of these organisms.

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“…The potential for other fish to act as hosts for this group of parasites is apparent as PKX‐like cells have been found in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (Voronin and Chernysheva 1993). It is expected that more species of Tetracapsula will be discovered although the features used to identify species will need careful consideration, as at present the best method to differentiate tetracapsulids is by rDNA comparisons.…”

Section: Life Cycles and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa

Kent

Andrée

Bartholomew

et al. 2001

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

550

377

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In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis. and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete. Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that: 1) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin-based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re-emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post-harvest myoliquefaction in pen-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.

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An intracellular gill parasite as the possible causative agent of mortality during swim‐bladder inflammation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

Tetracapsula renicola n. sp. (Myxozoa:Saccosporidae); The PKX Myxozoan: The Cause of Proliferative Kidney Disease of Salmonid Fishes

Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa

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