An Introduction to Epidemiology

Ahrens, Wolfgang; Krickeberg, Klaus; Pigeot, Iris

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_42

Cited by 22 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Register studies do not suffer from problems related to sampling and attrition, and eliminate biases such as recall bias. Last, cohort studies such as the present study are able to infer causal relationships to a much larger extent than case-control or cross-sectional studies [46].…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Educational attainment in offspring bereaved by sudden parental death from external causes: a national cohort study from birth and throughout adulthood

Burrell

Mehlum

Qin

2020

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose Previous research has linked loss of a parent during childhood to reduced educational aspirations, school performance, and educational attainment later in life. The potential effect of maternal and paternal bereavement on attainment at all educational levels is, however, unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential influence of parental death by external causes on completion of compulsory education, high school, vocational education, and University or College education. Methods The study was based on data from three national longitudinal registers in Norway. The study population comprised 373,104 individuals born between January 1st 1970 and December 31st 1994. Information concerning deceased parents' cause and date of death and offspring's education and sociodemographic data were retrieved. Data were analysed with Cox regression. Results Children who had experienced parental death by external causes had a significantly reduced hazard ratio (HR) of completing all educational levels compared to children who did not have such experiences. The largest effects were evident for completion of high school (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.65-0.71) and University or College education (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.70-0.80). No differences were evident for different causes of death, genders of deceased or ages at bereavement, and generally no significant interactions between gender of the bereaved offspring and predictor variables were evident for completion of all educational levels. Conclusion Parental death by external causes has vast and long-lasting impacts on offspring's educational attainment at all levels. Health care interventions aimed at supporting bereaved children and adolescents should focus on challenges related to educational progress.

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Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Educational attainment in offspring bereaved by sudden parental death from external causes: a national cohort study from birth and throughout adulthood

Burrell

Mehlum

Qin

2020

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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“…The study of long-term effects of social exposures (such as discrimination) during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life on the risk of chronic disease has been defined as a life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology ( 47 ). Such studies include biological, behavioural and psychosocial pathways that operate over an individual's life course, as well as across generations, to influence the course of chronic disease ( 48 ). Ethnic discrimination is thought to affect health through a number of pathways: ( 1 ) limited access to social resources such as employment, education and/or increased exposure to risk factors (such as criminal behaviours); ( 2 ) negative affective/cognitive and other pathopsychological processes; ( 3 ) allostatic load and other pathophysiological processes; ( 4 ) reduced engagement with healthy behaviours (such as exercise) and/or increased adoption of unhealthy behaviours (such as substance abuse: alcohol, drugs and/or other medication) either directly as stress coping or indirectly via reduced self-regulation; and ( 5 ) direct physical injury caused by ethnic-based violence ( 49 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic discrimination and health: the relationship between experienced ethnic discrimination and multiple health domains in Norway's rural Sami population

Hansen

2015

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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ObjectiveSelf-reported ethnic discrimination has been associated with a range of health outcomes. This study builds on previous efforts to investigate the prevalence of self-reported ethnic discrimination in the indigenous (Sami) population, and how such discrimination may be associated with key health indicators.Study designThe study relies on data from the 2003/2004 (n=4,389) population-based study of adults (aged 36–79 years) in 24 rural municipalities of Central and North Norway (the SAMINOR study). Self-reported ethnic discrimination was measured using the question: “Have you ever experienced discrimination due to your ethnic background?” Health indicators included questions regarding cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic muscle pain, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between self-reported ethnic discrimination and health outcomes.ResultsThe study finds that for Sami people living in minority areas, self-reported ethnic discrimination is associated with all the negative health indicators included in the study.ConclusionWe conclude that ethnic discrimination affects a wide range of health outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of ensuring freedom from discrimination for the Sami people of Norway.

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“…It is useful for policymakers in planning public health intervention strategies (Ahrens and Pigeot, 2014; Rockhill et al, 1998). As some risk factors are highly correlated and might have combined impacts on EC, PAR calculated for a single risk factor tends to be overestimated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Partial PARs and their 95% CIs were evaluated with Eide’s method (Eide and Gefeller,1995) using an adopted SAS macro (Rückinger et al, 2009). PARs were estimated for the factors that remained in the final model on the assumptions that all populations were moved to the group with lowest risk and their risk of developing EC could be avoided (Ahrens and Pigeot, 2014). As some risk factors were highly correlated and might have combined impacts on EC, PAR calculated for single risk factor tends to be overestimated (Walter 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of known risk factors on endometrial cancer burden in Chinese women

Gao

Gong

Wen

et al. 2016

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Objective This study aimed to provide data on the impact of known risk factors on endometrial cancer burden. Methods Using data of 1 199 endometrial cancer cases and 1 212 frequency matched controls from a population-based case-control study carried out in urban Shanghai, China from 1997 to 2003, multivariable adjusted odds ratios were obtained from unconditional logistic regression analyses. Partial population attributable risks were calculated and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using a bootstrap method. Results An estimated 16.94% of endometrial cancer cases were attributed to overweight or obesity; 8.39% to meat intake; 5.45% to non-regular tea drinking; 5.23% to physical inactivity; and 1.77% to family history of endometrial, breast, or colorectal cancers. Overall, these risk factors accounted for 36.01% (95%CI: 28.55%-43.11%) of total endometrial cancer cases. Similar results were observed when analysis was restricted to post-menopausal women. Conclusion Among modifiable lifestyle factors, overweight and obesity accounted for the largest proportion of endometrial cancer in the study population. Lifestyle alterations, such as maintenance of healthy weight, regular exercise, consumption of less meat, and tea drinking, could potentially prevent endometrial cancer by more than one third.

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An Introduction to Epidemiology

Cited by 22 publications

References 34 publications

Educational attainment in offspring bereaved by sudden parental death from external causes: a national cohort study from birth and throughout adulthood

Educational attainment in offspring bereaved by sudden parental death from external causes: a national cohort study from birth and throughout adulthood

Ethnic discrimination and health: the relationship between experienced ethnic discrimination and multiple health domains in Norway's rural Sami population

Impact of known risk factors on endometrial cancer burden in Chinese women

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