An Introduction to Quantum Model Checking

Abstract

Model checking is a well-established and widely adopted framework used to verify whether a given system satisfies the desired properties. Properties are usually given by means of formulas from a specific logic; there are several logics that can be used, such as CTL and LTL, which permit the expression of different types of properties on the branching-time or on the linear-time evolution of the system. In this paper, we will consider the problem of model checking quantum systems and present the solutions given in literature for solving such a problem with respect to different types of properties.

Symbolic model checking quantum circuits in Maude

“…Quantum circuits are low-level representations of quantum computation that can be used to implement quantum programs, while quantum programs are higher-level representations of quantum computations that can be expressed in a quantum programming language consisting of a series of instructions, especially the loop instruction. Although there are some model checkers dedicated to quantum programs, such as Gay, Nagarajan & Papanikolaou (2008) , Feng, Yu & Ying (2013) and Feng et al (2015) (see Ying & Feng (2018) , Ying & Feng (2021) , Turrini (2022) for more details), there is still a gap between model checking quantum programs and quantum circuits due to different representations and no iteration in quantum circuits, which should be filled in. Moreover, because the verification of classical circuits using model checking has been proven to be a tremendously successful technique, model checking that quantum circuits satisfy desired properties would be a promising approach.…”

BlockASP: A Framework for AOP-Based Model Checking Blockchain System

“…Model checking is a well-established technique in the field of formal verification that is used to evaluate whether a given system meets a predefined set of requirements or desired attributes. The process involves the creation of a model that accurately depicts the behavior of the system, followed by a comprehensive analysis of all possible states and transitions in order to ascertain the validity of the stated features [4]. Hence, the use of model checking offers a viable approach to address the inherent difficulty of guaranteeing the accuracy and dependability of blockchain systems by a comprehensive examination of all potential states inside the system's architecture.…”