An Introduction to Seismological Research

Howell, B. F.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511529405

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Even a scientist as great as Darwin, in his description of the 1835 Chilean earthquake, wrote: ''The most remarkable effect of this earthquake was the permanent elevation of the land; it would probably be far more correct to speak of it as the cause'' (DARWIN, 1889). In the history of seismology, ''who first proposed it'' (that earthquakes are due to faulting) ''is not definitely known'' (HOWELL, 1990). Clearly, REID's (1910) brilliant study of the 1906 San Fransisco earthquake soon after Koto's paper helped in its acceptance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Complex Earthquake Rupture Propagation

Das

2003

Pure appl. geophys.

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The historical development of spontaneous rupture propagation, starting from the landmark paper of Griffith in 1920, through to the late 1980s is traced, with particular emphasis on the work carried out at MIT in the 1970s by K. Aki and his co-workers. Numerical applications of Kostrov's method for planar shear cracks were developed by Hamano, Das and Aki. Simultaneously at MIT, Madariaga considered the radiated field of a dynamic shear crack. The further development of these ideas, for example, three-dimensional spontaneous planar faulting models, continued through the 1980s. Major insight into the maximum possible rupture speeds for earthquakes developed, with the acceptance of the theoretical possibility of supersonic rupture speeds for faults with cohesion and friction, the theoretical developments spurring the search for such observations for earthquake ruptures. Possible mechanisms by which faults stop were elucidated. It was shown that a propagating rupture can jump over barriers for cracks with a cohesive zone at its tip. Complex faulting models, namely the barrier and asperity models, and their associated radiated field developed. In the late 1980s, it was shown that ''dynamic'' or transient asperities can develop during the complex rupturing process. Even seemingly relatively simple physical situations, can lead to such complex rupturing processes that the usual idea of ''rupture velocity'' needs to be abandoned in those cases. Some of the work initiated by Aki and his co-workers, such as the details of the transition from sub-Rayleigh to super-shear speeds in inplane shear mode, and the behavior of the cohesive zone size as the crack extends, still remains the subject of research today.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Complex Earthquake Rupture Propagation

Das

2003

Pure appl. geophys.

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“…On the other hand, also it is known that the intensity of an earthquake is also related to the magnitude M (mb) of this earthquake, by means of a linear equation [6]. Therefore, a linear relationship must exist between maximum acceleration A (cm/s 2 ) and magnitude M (mb).…”

Section: Methodology and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analysis of Accelerograms for the Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Corchete¹

2010

IJG

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In this paper, the analysis of ground motions (displacements, velocities and accelerations) has been performed focused to the seismic design. The relationships between the peak ground acceleration (PGA), the peak ground velocity (PGV), the peak ground displacement (PGD) and the bracketed duration, with the earthquake magnitude, are presented and their validity and applicability for seismic design is discussed. Finally, the dominant periods of the ground motions (displacement, velocity and acceleration) are obtained from their Fourier Spectrum. Their validity and applicability for the seismic design is discussed also. The results presented in this paper show that the relationships that exist between the important parameters: PGA, PGV, PGD and duration; and the earthquake magnitude, allow the prediction of the values for these parameters, in terms of the magnitude for future strong motions. These predictions can be very useful for seismic design. Particularly, the prediction of the magnitude associated to the critical acceleration, because the earthquakes with magnitude greater than this critical magnitude can produce serious damages in a structure (even its collapsing). The application of the relationships obtained in this paper must be very careful, because these equations are dependent on the source area, location and type of structure. The dominant periods of the ground motions (displacement, velocity and acceleration) that are computed and presented in this paper, are also important parameters for the seismic design, because recent studies have shown that the earthquake shaking is more destructive on structures having a natural period around some of these dominant periods. These parameters must also be handled with caution, because they show dependence with the source area, location and type of structure.

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“…Nowadays, the measurement that is adopted preferably for scientific studies is the seismic moment of the displaced ground (see e.g. Howell (1990) and Day (2002)). This measurement avoids the saturation problem, since it does not have an intrinsic upper bound, and describes the size of an earthquake as an essential combination of physical quantities.…”

Section: Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Extremal Earthquakes

Brito

Cavalcante

Freitas

2015

CIM Series in Mathematical Sciences

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Natural hazards, such as big earthquakes, affect the lives of thousands of people at all levels. Extreme-value analysis is an area of statistical analysis particularly concerned with the systematic study of extremes, providing an useful insight to fields where extreme values are probable to occur. The characterization of the extreme seismic activity is a fundamental basis for risk investigation and safety evaluation. Here we study large earthquakes in the scope of the Extreme Value Theory. We focus on the tails of the seismic moment distributions and we propose to estimate relevant parameters, like the tail index and high order quantiles using the geometric-type estimators.In this work we combine two approaches, namely an exploratory oriented analysis and an inferential study. The validity of the assumptions required are verified, and both geometric-type and Hill estimators are applied for the tail index and quantile estimation. A comparison between the estimators is performed, and their application to the considered problem is illustrated and discussed in the corresponding context.

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An Introduction to Seismological Research

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Spontaneous Complex Earthquake Rupture Propagation

Spontaneous Complex Earthquake Rupture Propagation

The Analysis of Accelerograms for the Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Modeling of Extremal Earthquakes

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