An introduction to the history of modern Arabic literature in Egypt

Competing Narratives: The Struggle for the Soul of Egypt

“…This process of migrating and educating the fellahin from rural to urban created their attentiveness to the idea of them being legatees of Egypt (Sayyid-Marsot, 1977). Muhammad Husayn Haykal's 1913 novel titled Zaynab (Brugman, 1984) describes the lives of fellahin and scorns urban intellectuals for stalling against British occupation. Haykal wrote, "British remain in the country and the khedive remains in power…only through unity can the literate classes effect change, just as the peasants cannot overcome tyranny until they stand up together" (Gasper, 2009, pp.…”

“…213-214). Brugman (1984) says that Zaynab was first published under the name "Misri Fallah," meaning "Egyptian of peasant origins," hinting to an "autochthonous Egyptian. "…”

Contribution of Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti to Arabic Short Story: A Brief Study

“…The family considered it distinguished and even claimed that its family tree went back to the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). [1] He got his early education in Manfalut in a traditional manner from a primary school attached to a mosque. He received a farm religious education and like other children learned parts of the holly Quran by heart when he was nearly eleven years old.…”

“…AlManfaluti had to serve his term of imprisonment, but al-Bakri was not sentenced because of his high officials. [3] If al-Manfaluti did indeed study for ten years at the al-Azhar University, he must have gone down shortly after his release or perhaps even immediately after receiving his sentence. His fame began to prevail since 1907.…”

Abdur Rahman Shukri and his Romantic imagination on love poetry

“…His father was an army officer, who took part in "Urabi", revolution in Egypt. [2] Abdur Rahman Shukri studied the books in very anxiously when he was secondary student, so his teacher Sheik Abdullah Nadim is pleased. He enters the law college, but was soon sent down because of his political activities on behalf of the national party.…”