An Inventory of Peer-reviewed Articles on Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) with a Comparison to Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Hill, Henry; Guarino, Sara; Dietrich, Sarah; Leger, Judy St.

doi:10.12966/abc.03.08.2016

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Taken together, these results support the conclusion that the killer whale mother in this study contributed to her calf's development of sociality and independence. Delphinid mothers facilitate their calves’ development by providing nutrition, resting opportunities, socialization experiences, and contexts in which calves can practice independence by navigating separations and reunions [Reid et al, ; Gubbins et al, ; Mann and Smuts, ; Miles and Herzing, ; Hill et al, , ]. With social structures organized by matrilineal lines, the influence of delphinid mothers appears to reach beyond weaning and full independence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One aspect of sociality and emergence of independence in calf development is the maintenance of proximity between mothers and calves. Research conducted with dolphin species in managed care and in natural habitats has indicated that proximity maintenance is regulated by the mother during the first 6 months of life and then taken over by the calf in the second half of the first year of life [Mann and Smuts, ; Miles and Herzing, ; Mann and Watson‐Capps, ; Hill et al, , ; Gibson and Mann, ]. Mothers rarely initiated separations from their calves during the first year, while calves were much more likely to initiate separations from their mothers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to these separations, dolphin mothers (e.g., Orca, Tursiops sp.) actively retrieved their calves when the calf's distance from the mother became too great [Mann and Smuts, ; Hill et al, , ]. Halfway during the first year, the responsibility of reunions shifted to the calves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of sociality and emergence of independence in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) calf from birth to 36 months

2016

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Dolphin calves spend most of their time swimming with their mother immediately after birth. As they mature, the calves become increasingly independent, and begin to interact more often with other calves, juveniles, and sub-adults. For bottlenose dolphin calves, sociality is related to maternal behaviors. Unfortunately, much less is known about the development of sociality and emergence of independence for killer whale calves. The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental changes in social behaviors and solitary activities of a killer whale calf across a 36-month period. Focal follow video recordings of a mother-calf pair housed at SeaWorld San Antonio were collected 2-6 times a day for 5-15 min at 6-month intervals. Using a sample of randomly selected video recordings at each month, developmental changes in swims and social interactions with her mother, swims and social interactions with non-maternal partners, and solitary activities (e.g., solitary swims, solitary play) were observed across the months. The calf spent most of her time swimming with the mother across the 36-month period. The time the calf socialized with her mother was greater than the time she socialized with others at each month. Besides her mother, the calf socialized more often with the other adult female compared to adult males. As the calf matured, the increase in the time she spent socializing with adult killer whales other than the mother corresponded with an increase in the rate and time spent in solitary play. The developmental trends of sociality and emerging independence replicate research conducted with calves of other dolphin species. Zoo Biol. 36:11-20, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of sociality and emergence of independence in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) calf from birth to 36 months

2016

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“…Indeed, this bias was demonstrated by the fact that 26.4% (n = 79) of marine mammal welfare articles from the literature review focused on captive animals. Studies on marine mammal welfare in captivity have been increasing over the last 10 years [77,78], and using dolphins as an example, there is now existing research on positive welfare indicators [79][80][81][82][83][84], negative welfare indicators [82,[85][86][87], and a comprehensive assessment framework [88]. Physiological and health-related welfare parameters such as stress hormones [86,89,90], blood profiles [91,92], and pulmonary function [93] have also been examined in captive animals.…”

Section: The Translation Of Welfare Science Information To Marine Mam...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Awareness of Animal Welfare Science in Marine Mammal Conservation: Addressing Language, Translation and Reception Issues

Clegg¹,

Boys

Stockin

2021

Animals

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Integrating welfare principles into conservation strategy is an emerging synthesis that encourages consideration of individual animals’ quality of life in research, policies and law. However, these principles have gained limited traction in marine compared to terrestrial animal conservation. This manuscript investigates several factors that may be contributing to this disparity. In order to gauge current understanding of animal welfare science principles by marine mammal researchers and other stakeholders, a “Welfare in the Wild” workshop was convened at the 32nd European Cetacean Society conference (La Spezia, Italy, April 2018). The workshop was attended by 30 participants who completed pre- and post-workshop surveys on animal welfare principles. The survey results highlight a range of different views about exactly what animal welfare science is and how it can be applied to marine mammals. Specifically, participants’ definitions appeared to vary depending on the type of employment or research they engaged in, indicating a need for an interdisciplinary common language. Secondly, we analysed the peer-reviewed literature in order to ascertain where marine mammal publications exploring welfare were being published. From 1950 to July 2020, a total of 299 articles featured both marine mammal taxa (one or more) and the word welfare in the title, abstract or keywords. This represents just 0.96% of the total peer-reviewed published papers on marine mammal taxa (n = 31,221) during the same period. When examining articles published within “Welfare and Ethics” (n = 6133) and “Aquatic-focused” (n = 139,352) journals, just 1.2% (n = 71) and 0.04% (n = 57) of articles, respectively, featured the word welfare when examining marine mammals. With the aim of exploring how explicitly including welfare evaluations in marine mammal research and management can benefit conservation outcomes, we framed our workshop and quantitative literature review findings to provide practical solutions to the language, translation and reception issues of this burgeoning cross-disciplinary collaboration.

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“…17 Several studies (e.g., Ugaz et al 2009;Scheifele et al 2012;Clark 2013) have noted the paucity of research on the welfare of captive marine mammals, particularly cetaceans. Unlike many other species, whether terrestrial wildlife or domesticated animals (see, e.g., Morgan and Tromborg 2007;Whitham and Wielebnowski 2013;Hartstone-Rose et al 2014), captive marine mammals, especially cetaceans, have only rarely been subjects of welfare or non-husbandry-related research (Hill and Lackups 2010;Hill et al 2016). The zoo and aquarium community controls access to its exhibit animals and only infrequently allows outside researchers to conduct studies that interfere with performance schedules (Hill and Lackups 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Captive Marine Mammal Welfare in the United States: Science-Based Recommendations for Improved Regulatory Requirements for Captive Marine Mammal Care

Rose¹,

Snusz²,

Brown³

et al. 2017

Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy

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Congress passed the Animal Welfare Act 1 (AWA) in order "to ensure the humane care and treatment of various animals used in research or for exhibition or kept as pets. 2 To this end, the Act requires, inter alia, that the Secretary of Agriculture 'promulgate standards to govern the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research facilities, and exhibitors. "' 3 The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the agency under the U.S. Department of Agriculture responsible for implementing the AWA, first promulgated regulations pertaining to the care of marine mammals in captivity 4 in 1979 and has updated various aspects of these regulations on a limited basis since then. The last time the marine mammal care regulations relating to the physical conditions under which these species are held were substantively revised was in 1984. 5 On 3 February 2016, APHIS published a proposed rule to amend the captive marine mammal regulations. 6 The agency took 14 years to issue this proposed rule 7 and had it under consideration for 20 years. 8 APHIS's marine mammal care regulations are intended to "insure that animals intended … for exhibition purposes … are provided humane care and treatment. " 9 The statute does not, however, define the term "humane. " In the absence of a statutory definition, it is appropriate to "look to the common usage of words for

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An Inventory of Peer-reviewed Articles on Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) with a Comparison to Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Development of sociality and emergence of independence in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) calf from birth to 36 months

Development of sociality and emergence of independence in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) calf from birth to 36 months

Increasing the Awareness of Animal Welfare Science in Marine Mammal Conservation: Addressing Language, Translation and Reception Issues

Improving Captive Marine Mammal Welfare in the United States: Science-Based Recommendations for Improved Regulatory Requirements for Captive Marine Mammal Care

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