An Inverse Distance Variation for Certain Social Influences

Stewart, John Q.

doi:10.1126/science.93.2404.89

Cited by 135 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…1 The main reason for the widespread utilization 1 The most common specification of SIM has its origins in analogy with Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation. The idea of utilizing models derived from this theory had already been introduced, in the nineteenth century, in the field of social sciences by Carey (1858) and Ravenstein (1885), and subsequently mathematically formalized by Stewart (1941). Remarkably, SIMs have been shown to have theoretical justification in entropy theory and in utility maximization/cost minimization (see, for example, Nijkamp 1975;Nijkamp and Reggiani 1992).…”

Section: Complex Network Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Analysis of Commuting Flows: A Comparative Static Approach to German Data

et al. 2007

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The analysis of complex networks has recently received considerable attention. The work by Albert and Barabási presented a research challenge to network analysis, that is, growth of the network. The present paper offers a network analysis of the spatial commuting network in Germany. First, we study the spatial evolution of the commuting network over time. Secondly, we compare two spatial interaction model (SIM) specifications, in order to replicate the actual network structure. Our findings suggest that the commuting network appeared to become more dense and clustered, while the SIMs seem to require more sophisticated specifications, in order to replicate such a connectivity structure.

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Section: Complex Network Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Analysis of Commuting Flows: A Comparative Static Approach to German Data

et al. 2007

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“…In the genuine doubly constrained model, O i and D j are assumed to be exogenous. In the unconstrained gravity model (Carey, 1858;Stewart, 1941) O i is proportional to accessibility to jobs (A À1 i ) and the size V i of the origin, and D j is proportional to accessibility to the labor force (B À1 j ) and size W j of the destination. Singly constrained models (Wilson, 1971) are a combination of these.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exponential or Power Distance-Decay for Commuting? An Alternative Specification

2004

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IntroductionCommuting has been the subject of increasing public attention and intensive research in recent decades (see Nijkamp and Rouwendal, 2004;Rouwendal and Nijkamp, 2004). The increasing role of commuting has far-reaching consequences for public policy concerning traffic, infrastructure, and spatial planning. Commuting flows connect labor and housing markets. Knowledge of the intensity and spatial range of this interaction is required to determine the accessibility of a location to centers of population and employment. Theoretical and applied research on commuting issues can help to clarify the relevant effects.The analysis of the sizes of commuting flows between cities or regions, and their effects on housing and labor markets, is part of the much wider area of spatial interaction modeling (Batten and Boyce, 1986;Fotheringham and O'Kelly, 1989;Nijkamp and Reggiani, 1992). Spatial interaction models are applied not only to commuting but also to migration, international trade, shopping behavior, and other topics related to origin^destination flows. An essential element of these models is that interaction decreases with distance or travel cost. This is described by a distance-decay function. However, distance is not the only factor affecting the intensity of the interaction. Also important are the sizes (however measured) of origin and destination. And it is increasingly recognized that additionally the positions of origin and destination in the spatial system are relevant. The research in this paper is an application of spatial interaction modeling, and the methodological issues are not limited to commuting.An important issue in spatial interaction modeling is the choice of the functional form of distance or travel cost. In the literature, the distance-decay function is usually assumed to be an exponential or a power function:`I n practice, the debate over the form of the cost function in spatial interaction models has evolved to a reasonably widespread consensus that the exponential function is more appropriate for analysing short distance interactions such as those that take place within an urban area. The power function, conversely, is generally held to be more appropriate for analysing longer distance interactions such as migration flows '' (Fotheringham and O'Kelly, 1989, pages 12^13 Abstract. In this paper we investigate the functional form of distance decay for commuting flows between municipalities in Denmark. Our inference is based on a single equation that includes variables to capture the effect of spatial structure. Special attention is given to a proper estimation method: we estimate the distance-decay parameters by nonlinear weighted least-squares with balancing factors. It appears that neither an exponential nor a power distance-decay function fits the data well. Using a spline regression we find a cost elasticity of À4 for distances around 20 km and a much smaller value for shorter and longer distances. It appears that the logarithm of distance decay can be described adequately as a (downwar...

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“…The concept of population potential was developed by Stewart [29]. Population potential can be obtained on the basis of the potential model.…”

Section: Urban Population Potential Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method for Simulating Urban Population Potential Based on Urban Patches: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China

et al. 2015

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Urban population potential is a good measure of urban spatial interactions. However, previous studies often assigned population data to the administrative point of the government or the centroid of the region, such as the county, ward or village. In these cases, two problems exist: (1) the zone centroid problem and (2) the scale problem. To better deal with these problems, we proposed a novel method for simulating the urban population potential based on urban patches using Jiangsu Province as the study area. This study conducted research on a classification scheme based on area for urban patches and developed an urban population potential model on the basis of a potential model. The spatial simulation of the urban population potential at various urban scales and the comprehensive urban population potential of Jiangsu were determined. The spatial pattern is "southern Jiangsu high and north-central Jiangsu low", which is consistent with the "pole-axis" spatial system. This study also compared the simulations of the new method and a traditional method. Results revealed that the method based on urban patches was superior in simulating real spatial patterns of the urban population potential. Further improvements should focus on actual conditions, such as passable expressway entrances and exits and railway stations, and OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 3985 high-speed railway data should be employed when simulating the urban population potential across provinces and greater China.

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An Inverse Distance Variation for Certain Social Influences

Cited by 135 publications

References 1 publication

Network Analysis of Commuting Flows: A Comparative Static Approach to German Data

Network Analysis of Commuting Flows: A Comparative Static Approach to German Data

Exponential or Power Distance-Decay for Commuting? An Alternative Specification

A Novel Method for Simulating Urban Population Potential Based on Urban Patches: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China

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