An Investigation into Strength and Permittivity of Compacted Sand-Clay Mixtures by Partial Replacement of Water with Lignosulfonate

Abstract

Strength and permeability of sand-bentonite mixtures are of main concern, particularly in liner design. This study presents the results obtained from an experimental investigation of strength and permittivity of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures in the presence of water-reducing admixture of lignosulfonate. For this, sand-bentonite mixtures containing 4, 8, 12, 16% of bentonite were subjected to standard Proctor tests, to obtain the optimum water content and maximum void ratio of the mixtures. Similar specimens were prepared by partially replacing 0.5, 1 and 2% of water in the mixture with lignosulfonate. Additional specimens containing 16% of bentonite were prepared with 5% deviation towards the wet and dry sides of optimum water content, which was partially replaced with lignosulfonate for evaluation of the effects of deviation from optimum moisture content during densification. It was observed that partial replacement of water with lignosulfonate slightly increases the strength and decreases the permittivity, and that this effect was more pronounced as the replacement level was increased. Additionally, test results reveal that lignosulfonate replacement was more effective on the dry side of optimum water content.

Characterization of expansive soils treated with lignosulfonate

“…Loess soil Improvement in unconfined compressive strength Li et al [17] Expansive soil Reduction in swelling Alazigha et al [2] Dispersive clay Reduction in depressiveness Vakili et al [33] Expansive clay Reduction in swelling and swelling pressure Noorzad and Ta'negonbadi [21] Lateritic soil Increase in unconfined compressive strength and marginal improvement in CBR Ravishankar et al [25] Clayey soil Increase in stiffness and unconfined compressive strength Ta'negonbadi and Noorzad [30] Lateritic soil Increase in resistance to erosion Shivashankar et al [28] Sand-clay mixture Reduces the permittivity and increases strength Sezer et al [27] Silty soil Effective to achieve optimum density at less energy Blanck et al [5] Sandy silt Improvement in shear strength Chen et al [7] Clayey sand Reduction in erodibility Koohpeyma et al [15] Clayey soil Increase in strength whereas less moisture resilience Maskell et al [19] Clay soil Increase in stiffness Indraratna et al [14] Erodible soil Improvement in erosional parameters such as critical shear stress and coefficient of soil erosion Vinod et al [34] Silty sand Improvement in strength Santoni et al [26] Clayey soil Increase in shear strength parameters Puppala and Hanchanloet [24] unconfined compressive strength of lignosulfonate treated clayey soil and attributed this enhancement to the electrostatic reaction between the mixture of lignosulfonate-water and soil particles. Li et al [17] testified that the reduction in the thickness of the electric double layer of particles and silica-carbonate cementations resulted in an increased strength and reduction of energy dissipation in lignosulfonate treated loess.…”

Ground improvement using chemical methods: A review

“…(2018) 5% Polyurethane 66 145 Marine clay Saleh et al. (2020) 3 6% Lignosulfonate 120 130 Sezer et al. (2016) 2% Lignosulfonate 338 496 235 266 10 15 Expansive clay Noorzad and Ta'negonbadi (2018) 4% Lignosulfonate 600 1400 Na LS, bauxite dust Ding et al.…”

“…Also, the probability of formation of cracks in soil treated with LS gets highly reduce due to an increase in adhesion and ductility of soil by LS. Sezer et al (2016) investigated properties of bentonite mixed sand with partial replacement of water with LS in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and found the dry side of OMC more effective for stabilisation and is suitable for reducing the brittleness of soil. It is more beneficial for the clay of low plasticity.…”

“… Sezer et al. (2016) investigated properties of bentonite mixed sand with partial replacement of water with LS in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and found the dry side of OMC more effective for stabilisation and is suitable for reducing the brittleness of soil.…”

Recycling of Coal Ash in Production of Low Density Masonry Unit

“…The problems related to waste production are becoming more and more important in relation to the improvement of economical conditions, the progress of industrial development and the population and urban increase. For that reason, there is an effort in extending the application of waste mainly by innovative technologies for the manufacture of new products [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”