An investigation into the nature and potential of in-situ surfactants for low energy miniemulsification

Ballard, Nicholas; Salsamendi, Maitane; Carretero, Paula; Asúa, José M.

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.041

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Indeed, they theoretically showed that even a low content of compatibilizer is enough to prevent coalescence of submicron-sized droplets while having only a negligible impact on the surface tension. This dual effect is shown by several studies for various systems [119], for example nylon and ethylenepropylene rubber [117,120,121], nylon and polystyrene [122], nylon and polysulfone [123], nylon and poly(methyl metracrylate) [124], polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) [125], polycarbonate and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer [126] or oil and water [114,127].…”

Section: Dispersion Morphology: Influence On the Drop Sizesmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…They showed however that the mixing time needed to reach the minimum drop size was two times longer with the pre-formed surfactant at a given shear rate (Figure 7a). On the other hand, Ballard et al [127] showed that, for another oil-in-water system (the oil being styrene), the drop sizes were smaller for the in-situ compatibilized system than for the system with pre-made surfactants.…”

Section: Dispersion Morphology: Influence On the Drop Sizesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This makes sure that, even though desorption of the surfactant from the interface can occur under certain conditions, there will be less micelles in the bulk, and the copolymer surface coverage at comparable amount of added premade surfactants and reactive molecules is higher in the reactive stabilization case [128]. Ballard et al [127] showed that styrene-in-water emulsions were more stable using in-situ potassium oleate than preformed ones by measuring the backscattered light variation with height over time of the reactive and non-reactive emulsions (Figure 9). Depending on the functionality of the reactive polymers in a reactive compatibilization, one can obtain several surfactant architecture, such as block copolymers, Y shaped copolymers and graft copolymers.…”

Section: Dispersion Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interfacial tension of reactive, liquid interfaces and its consequences

Giustiniani

Drenckhan

Poulard

2017

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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Dispersions of immiscible liquids, such as emulsions and polymer blends, are at the core of many industrial applications which makes the understanding of their properties (morphology, stability, etc.) of great interest. A wide range of these properties depend on interfacial phenomena, whose understanding is therefore of particular importance. The behaviour of interfacial tension in emulsions and polymer blends is well-understood - both theoretically and experimentally - in the case of non-reactive stabilization processes using pre-made surfactants. However, this description of the interfacial tension behaviour in reactive systems, where the stabilizing agents are created in-situ (and which is more efficient as a stabilization route for many systems), does not yet find a consensus among the community. In this review, we compare the different theories which have been developed for non-reactive and for reactive systems, and we discuss their ability to capture the behaviour found experimentally. Finally, we address the consequences of the reactive stabilization process both on the global emulsions or polymer blend morphologies and at the interfacial scale.

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Section: Dispersion Morphology: Influence On the Drop Sizesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Dispersion Morphology: Influence On the Drop Sizesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dispersion Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Interfacial tension of reactive, liquid interfaces and its consequences

Giustiniani

Drenckhan

Poulard

2017

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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“…Ultrasonication is commonly applied in polymerization processes, but it is energy consuming. Very recently, various low-energy methods have been introduced, including in-situ surfactant generation and the use of CO 2 [145]. The miniemulsion methods show advantages over other polymerization methods, such as being free of harmful solvents, high monomer conversion, and high molecular weight.…”

Section: Miniemulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Synthesis and Applications of Polymer–Nanoclay Composites

et al. 2018

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Recent advancements in material technologies have promoted the development of various preparation strategies and applications of novel polymer–nanoclay composites. Innovative synthesis pathways have resulted in novel polymer–nanoclay composites with improved properties, which have been successfully incorporated in diverse fields such as aerospace, automobile, construction, petroleum, biomedical and wastewater treatment. These composites are recognized as promising advanced materials due to their superior properties, such as enhanced density, strength, relatively large surface areas, high elastic modulus, flame retardancy, and thermomechanical/optoelectronic/magnetic properties. The primary focus of this review is to deliver an up-to-date overview of polymer–nanoclay composites along with their synthesis routes and applications. The discussion highlights potential future directions for this emerging field of research.

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“…As will be shown below, it is possible only for nonequilibrium macroscopic solutions or for equilibrium nanosolutions. At this point, the thermodynamic stability of nano- and microemulsions will also be discussed, extending the present knowledge. − The temperature dependence of emulsion stability will be discussed in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

On the Negative Surface Tension of Solutions and on Spontaneous Emulsification

Kaptay

2017

Langmuir

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The condition of negative surface tension of a binary regular solution is discussed in this paper using the recently reconfirmed Butler equation (Langmuir 2015, 31, 5796-5804). It is shown that the surface tension becomes negative only for solutions with strong repulsion between the components. This repulsion for negative surface tension should be so strong that this phenomenon appears only within a miscibility gap, that is, in a two-phase region of macroscopic liquid solutions. Thus, for a macroscopic solution, the negative surface tension is possible only in a nonequilibrium state. However, for a nano-solution, negative surface tension is also possible in equilibrium state. It is also shown that nano- and microemulsions can be thermodynamically stable against both coalescence and phase separation. Further, the thermodynamic theory of emulsion stability is developed for a three-component (A-B-C) system with A-rich droplets dispersed in a C-rich matrix, separated by the segregated B-rich layer (the solubility of B is limited in both A and C while the mutual solubility of A and C is neglected). It is shown that when a critical droplet size is achieved by forced emulsification, it is replaced by spontaneous emulsification and the droplet size is reduced further to its equilibrium value. The existence of maximum temperature of emulsion stability is shown. Using low-energy emulsification below this maximum temperature, spontaneous emulsification can appear, which is enhanced with further decrease of temperature. This finding can be applied to interpret the experimental observations on spontaneous emulsification or for the design of stable micro- and nanoemulsions.

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An investigation into the nature and potential of in-situ surfactants for low energy miniemulsification

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Interfacial tension of reactive, liquid interfaces and its consequences

Interfacial tension of reactive, liquid interfaces and its consequences

A Review of the Synthesis and Applications of Polymer–Nanoclay Composites

On the Negative Surface Tension of Solutions and on Spontaneous Emulsification

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