An Investigation into the Relationship Between Heart Rate Recovery in Small-Sided Games and Endurance Performance in Male, Semi-professional Soccer Players

Reinhardt, Lars; Schulze, Stephan; Kurz, Eduard; Schwesig, René

doi:10.1186/s40798-020-00273-8

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…the SMFT. Other measures include blood markers (e.g., blood lactate; B[La]) [57,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71] and oxygen consumption related parameters (e.g., oxygen uptake) [66,67,72,73]. Since B[La] and oxygen uptake outcome measures are time consuming, expensive and obtrusive, their viability to provide standardised and repeatable response measures is considered limited, particularly in team-sports [10,74].…”

Section: Cardio-respiratory/metabolic Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRex [61,70,85,89,92,95,112], specific fixed time points [5,45,59,75,82,83,87,90,97,104,105,107,121], or peak values observed [81,101].…”

Section: Heart Rate Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heart rate recovery can be defined as the rate at which HR declines after exercise cessation [9,38] and may be collected with athletes lying supine [122], sitting upright [11,44], standing [80,120] or walking [86] Other approaches calculate time-based variables such as the time required to decrease from between fixed HR values (HRR[s]; e.g., time between 80% to 70% HR maximum) [70], or the time constant of HRR derived from mono-exponential modelling [101,125].…”

Section: Heart Rate Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of correlations between cardiac parasympathetic related variables (HRR and vagalrelated HRV) and endurance capacity is less clear and ranged from no correlation to a very-large relationship [47,56,91]. The disparity could be the consequence of varied protocol intensities [9,34,41,44] , collection time (e.g., 60, 180-second post-exercise) [47], analysis approaches [56], and fitness criterion measures [44,70]. Importantly, inferences regarding their long-term validity as proxy measures of changes in fitness can be somewhat impacted by SMFT intensity (i.e., HRex) [9].…”

Section: Inferring Fitness-fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Shushan¹,

Lovell²,

McLaren³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating current physiological state or fitness–fatigue status, to inform decision-making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal Fitness Tests (SMFT) have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardised physical stimulus, likely due to their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of SMFT characteristics, response measures and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical framework of SMFT and a detailed summary of their use as indicators of fitness–fatigue status in team-sports. Using a systematic review of the literature, we identified five distinct SMFT protocols characterised in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental or variable). Heart rate (HR) derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in SMFT and included exercise (HR exercise) and recovery (HR recovery and vagal-related HR variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive changes in fitness (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, intermittent endurance capacity), whereas their role in detecting fatigue associated with variations in ANS function is not yet clear. Psycho-physiological outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common SMFT outcome measures in team-sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., HR exercise) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures included Global-Positioning-System-derived locomotor variables—such as distance covered, primarily during standardised training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance (i.e., fitness status)—or response measures derived from inertial-measurement units to monitor lower limb neuromuscular function and subsequently fatigue status. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Further, it is essential to better understand the methodological aspects of SMFT characteristics in relation to all outcome measures. Herein, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with best-evidence practical recommendations and directions for future research.

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Section: Cardio-respiratory/metabolic Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRex [61,70,85,89,92,95,112], specific fixed time points [5,45,59,75,82,83,87,90,97,104,105,107,121], or peak values observed [81,101].…”

Section: Heart Rate Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heart Rate Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inferring Fitness-fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Shushan¹,

Lovell²,

McLaren³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Di era milenial saat ini, sepakbola merupakan cabang olahraga beregu yang diminati dan digemari mulai dari anak-anak, remaja, sampai dewasa (Kristianto, et al, 2020), terlepas dari faktor usia, jenis kelamin dan faktor sosial (Gema, et al, 2016 (Castillo, et al, 2021 (Owen, et al, 2020). (Práxedes, et al, 2018) 19 orang Metode eksperimen dengan instrument GPET SSG memberikan pengaruh terhadap pemain dalam mengambil keputusan dan melakukan keterampilan teknik passing (Reinhardt, et al, 2020) 18 (Perdana, et al, 2017) 24 (Hammami, et al, 2018…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Small sided games meningkatkan kebugaran jasmani dan keterampilan bermain sepakbola

Ridwan¹

2020

JOPE

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Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating physiological state, to inform decision making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal fitness tests have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardized physical stimulus, likely because of their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration, and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of submaximal fitness test characteristics, response measures, and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a theoretical framework of submaximal fitness tests and a detailed summary of their use as proxy indicators of training effects in team sports. Using a review of the literature stemming from a systematic search strategy, we identified five distinct submaximal fitness test protocols characterized in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental, or variable). Heart rate-derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in submaximal fitness tests and included exercise (exercise heart rate) and recovery (heart rate recovery and vagal-related heart rate variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive chronic endurance-oriented training effects, whereas their role in detecting negative transient effects associated with variations in autonomic nervous system function is not yet clear. Subjective outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common in team sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., exercise heart rate) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures either included global positioning system-derived locomotor outputs such as distance covered, primarily during standardized training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance, or responses derived from inertial measurement units to make inferences about lower limb neuromuscular function. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Here, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with evidence-based practical recommendations and directions for future research.

show abstract

An Investigation into the Relationship Between Heart Rate Recovery in Small-Sided Games and Endurance Performance in Male, Semi-professional Soccer Players

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Small sided games meningkatkan kebugaran jasmani dan keterampilan bermain sepakbola

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

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