An investigation of concentration polarization phenomena in membrane filtration of colloidal silica suspensions by NMR micro-imaging

Coupled effects of colloidal deposition and salt concentration polarization on reverse osmosis membrane performance

“…Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that colloidal cakes can be stratified and can contain layers with dense and loose particle packing [27,29,30,35]. There is also evidence for the existence of the concentrated flowing layer of colloids between the stagnant cake of deposited colloids and the bulk suspension [36][37][38][39].…”

Treatment of silica effluents: ultrafiltration or coagulation–decantation

“…This phenomenon has been largely studied but remains a major problem in the case of desalination by reverse osmosis [2,3] as well as in the case of ultrafiltration [4] and microfiltration [5]. For this reason, silica is used as model solution in order to better understand and enhance mass transfer in membrane processes [6][7][8].…”

Characterisation of membrane fouling deposition and removal by direct observation technique

“…The first direct experimental evidence for a flowing layer of colloidal silica suspensions in a single tubular membrane was observed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as a noninvasive technique [27]. Fig.…”