An investigation of duck circovirus and co-infection in Cherry Valley ducks in Shandong Province, China

Analysis of synonymous codon usage pattern in duck circovirus

“…S1). It could be understandable that the effect of geographic factor seems to wane gradually on the evolution of codon usage with the development of international trade, such as 15.28% to 81.63% positive infection rates of DuCV from different provinces in China, while the distribution of subtypes is dispersed (Jiang et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2009), which provides a good condition to generate disease transmissions or genome recombination between DuCVs from different epidemic areas. Based on two genotypes, there are two main clusters, respectively ( Supplementary Fig.…”

Evidence of possible vertical transmission of duck circovirus

“…Because of the absence of available cell culture for the isolation of DuCV, the PCR assays were often used for detecting DuCVs (Hattermann et al, 2003;Fringuelli et al, 2005;Jiang et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2009;Wan et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2011). However, these methods cannot be used to distinguish mixed infection of DuCV-1 and DuCV-2.…”

“…There were multiple local lesions in the spleen, thymus and BF of ducks infected with DuCV (Liu et al, 2010b). Surveys would suggest a high prevalence of the virus in flocks experiencing morbidity and mortality as well as those that appear clinically normal (Fringuelli et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2006;Banda et al, 2007;Jiang et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2010a).…”

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the visual detection of duck circovirus

“…Subsequently, DuCV infection was confirmed in Hungary [2], Taiwan [3], United States [4] and Mainland China [5,6]. Histopathologic examination of the bursa of Fabricius (BF) demonstrated lymphocyte depletion, necrosis and histiocytosis.…”