An investigation of high operating temperatures in mechanical vapor-compression desalination

Lara, Jorge R.; Noyes, G.; Holtzapple, Mark T.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.027

Cited by 52 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…With this profile, vapor from the right adjacent stage has higher temperature than the salt solution in the left adjacent stage; hence, heat transfer occurs. Using copper plates with a hydrophobic coating to promote dropwise condensation, an extremely high overall heat transfer coefficient of 170,350 W/(m 2 K) [30,000 Btu/(h ft 2 F)] was achieved at laboratory scale [6]. This allows a very small temperature approach of only 0.19 K (0.35°F) while maintaining a high heat flux.…”

Section: Dewateringmentioning

confidence: 98%

Techno-economic analysis of biomass to fuel conversion via the MixAlco process

Pham

Holtzapple

El‐Halwagi

2010

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol

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MixAlco is a robust process that converts biomass to fuels and chemicals. A key feature of the MixAlco process is the fermentation, which employs a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms to convert biomass components (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) to carboxylate salts. Subsequently, these intermediate salts are chemically converted to hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel). This work focuses on process synthesis, simulation, integration, and cost estimation of the MixAlco process. For the base-case capacity of 40 dry tonne feedstock per hour, the total capital investment is US $5.54/annual gallon of hydrocarbon fuels (US $3.79/annual gallon of ethanol equivalent), and the minimum selling price [with 10% return on investment (ROI), internal hydrogen production, and US $60/tonne biomass] is US $2.56/gal hydrocarbon, which is equivalent to US $1.75/gal ethanol. If plant capacity is increased to 400 tph, the minimum selling price of biomass-derived hydrocarbon fuels is US $1.76/gal hydrocarbon (US $1.20/gal ethanol equivalent), which can compete without subsidies with petroleum-derived hydrocarbons when crude oil sells for about US $65/bbl. At 40 tph, using the average tipping fee for municipal solid waste (US $45/dry tonne) and current price of external hydrogen (US $1/kg), the minimum selling price is only US $1.24/gal hydrocarbon (US $0.85/gal ethanol equivalent).

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Section: Dewateringmentioning

confidence: 98%

Techno-economic analysis of biomass to fuel conversion via the MixAlco process

Pham

Holtzapple

El‐Halwagi

2010

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…For an ideal gas, Equation (B.18) is written as Equation (B.6) which can be integrated at constant pressure to give Equation (32). For an incompressible fluid, entropy is not a function of pressure as seen in Equation (B.2).…”

Section: Appendicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has also been undertaken on improving the heat transfer coefficients within the evaporation and condensation processes of phase change. Lara et al [32] investigated high temperature and pressure MVC, where dropwise condensation can allow greatly enhanced heat transfer coefficients. Lukic et al [33] also investigated the impact of dropwise condensation upon the cost of water produced.…”

Section: Mechanical Vapor Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entropy Generation Analysis of Desalination Technologies

Mistry

McGovern

Thiel

et al. 2011

Entropy

242

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Increasing global demand for fresh water is driving the development and implementation of a wide variety of seawater desalination technologies. Entropy generation analysis, and specifically, Second Law efficiency, is an important tool for illustrating the influence of irreversibilities within a system on the required energy input. When defining Second Law efficiency, the useful exergy output of the system must be properly defined. For desalination systems, this is the minimum least work of separation required to extract a unit of water from a feed stream of a given salinity. In order to evaluate the Second Law efficiency, entropy generation mechanisms present in a wide range of desalination processes are analyzed. In particular, entropy generated in the run down to equilibrium of discharge streams must be considered. Physical models are applied to estimate the magnitude of entropy generation by component and individual processes. These formulations are applied to calculate the total entropy generation in several desalination systems including multiple effect distillation, multistage flash, membrane distillation, mechanical vapor compression, reverse osmosis, and humidification-dehumidification. Within each technology, the relative importance of each source of entropy generation is discussed in order to determine which should be the target of entropy generation minimization. As given here, the correct application of Second Law efficiency shows which systems operate closest to the reversible limit and helps to indicate which systems have the greatest potential for improvement.

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“…Recently, researchers are also indicating the possibility of using waste energy application for freeze desalination like Liquefied natural gas (LNG) for energy saving, hence the technology is become promising (Wang and Chung 2012;Chang et al 2016b). Furthermore, according to Attia (2010), the cost of freeze desalination using an auto-reversed R-22 vapor compression heat pump is 50% lower than most efficient methods reviewed previously (Lara, Noyes, and Holtzapple 2008). Rice and Chau also elaborated the idea of using hydraulic refrigerant in freeze desalination plants, stating that freeze desalination is much more attractive than it has been in the past and should be reconsidered and compared with other means of desalination with regard to energy efficiency and other operating parameters (Rice and Chau 1997).…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Insights Of Freeze Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze Desalination as Point of Use Water Treatment Technology: A Case of Chromium (VI) Removal from Water

Melak

Ambelu

Laing

et al. 2017

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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Options to develop tanning industries could be hindered even in the presence of huge leather industry raw materials due to the requirements of high-tech contaminant removal technologies, especially in developing countries. This study was initiated to investigate the efficiency of freeze desalination for Cr(VI) removal using refrigerators to generate fresh water. Synthetic solutions that represent major ion compositions of drinking water as well as deionized water to which known concentrations of Cr(VI) spiked into it, were added and frozen in a closed freezer unit. The effects of different parameters such as initial concentration, freeze duration, ice nucleation, fraction of ice volume, and influence of co-occurring ions were evaluated in relation to the quality of produced ice. The physicochemical characteristics of the produced meltwater were also evaluated. A high total water recovery of up to 85% was achieved in the experimental evaluation. Cr(VI) removal efficiency of up to 80% from simulated tap and 93 to 97% for deionized water spiked with Cr(VI) were found in this batch partial freezing. Freeze desalination was found to be relatively viable desalination technology in terms of quality of water produced, options on the use of cost effective refrigerants and technologies which could have a pertinent importance to save energy consumption of freezers.

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An investigation of high operating temperatures in mechanical vapor-compression desalination

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Techno-economic analysis of biomass to fuel conversion via the MixAlco process

Techno-economic analysis of biomass to fuel conversion via the MixAlco process

Entropy Generation Analysis of Desalination Technologies

Freeze Desalination as Point of Use Water Treatment Technology: A Case of Chromium (VI) Removal from Water

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