An investigation of lymphovenous communications in the upper limbs of breast cancer patients

Bains, Salena; Ballinger, James R.; Allen, Sarah; Stanton, A.W.B.; Levick, J. R.; Mortimer, Peter; Purushotham, Arnie; Peters, A. M.

doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.11.036

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The same technique with some modifications was used in a more recent study by Bains et al to determine whether LVC prevent the development of BRCL. In this study they found evidence of LVC with a calculated amount of shunting of 6.6% of the total lymph flow in the contralateral blood sample of 1–5 patients with normal lymphatic systems studied before undergoing axillary node clearance surgery .…”

Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Factors that stimulate peripheral LVC opening [33,34,44,48,49,52] . In the 60s, Threefoot studied the factors that stimulate the opening of normally non-functioning peripheral LVC.…”

Section: Peripheral Lvcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bains et al studied two groups of patients to determine whether LVC prevented the development of BRCL. The first group consisted of five patients who were diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer and were going to receive axillary lymph node surgery, and the second group comprised 10 patients that underwent axillary lymph node clearance at least 3 years earlier.…”

Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, none of the patients without BRCL in the second group had evidence of LVC. The upper arm or the axilla were described as the most likely location of the LVC, because the analysis of the ipsilateral blood samples did not provide convincing evidence of LVC in the distal ipsilateral arm .…”

Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive review of the natural lymphaticovenous communications and their role in lymphedema surgery

et al. 2016

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Cancer-related lymphedema is a progressive, chronic condition that impairs quality of life. Its pathophysiology and the mechanisms of action of current reconstructive surgical treatments are not fully understood but lymphaticovenous communications may play a key role. We review the available literature on lymphaticovenous communications and their implications in lymphedema surgery, and propose a subclassification of lymphaticovenous communications. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:374-380. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Factors that stimulate peripheral LVC opening [33,34,44,48,49,52] . In the 60s, Threefoot studied the factors that stimulate the opening of normally non-functioning peripheral LVC.…”

Section: Peripheral Lvcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Lvc: Embryonic Development Subclassification and Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive review of the natural lymphaticovenous communications and their role in lymphedema surgery

et al. 2016

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“…17,18 These anastomoses are not as well-studied as that between the thoracic duct and the venous system, but a number of studies have noted their existence and importance. 17,19,20 Perhaps the most common place for these peripheral lymphovenous shunts to be found is within the lymph nodes (Figure 2). It is estimated humans have a lymph fluid turnover of 8 L daily and that 4 L/day of lymphatic fluid drains through the thoracic duct.…”

Section: Peripheral Lymphovenous Anastomosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphovenous shunts: from development to clinical applications

2021

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The lymphatic system is a vast network of vessels that functions to return excess fluid from the interstitial space to the blood stream. 1 Excess interstitial fluid is drained by lymphatic capillaries, which are composed of a single layer of lymphatic endothelial cells that overlap with each other. The overlapping cells are thought to act as primary valves allowing flow of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels but limiting outflow. [2][3][4] Lymph then flows from these capillaries into collecting lymphatics 5 which have a layer of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) that work to transport lymph through rhythmic contraction. 6,7 This intrinsic force from LMCs occurs in conjunction with extrinsic compressive force from surrounding tissue to propel lymph through the lymphatic system. 6,8 A secondary system of intraluminal valves within the lymphatic collecting ducts themselves prevents backflow of lymphatic fluid toward the capillaries. 6,8,9 Lymph then travels through lymph nodes into post-nodal lymphatic ducts which converge into either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct; these are classically described as emptying into the junction of the subclavian veins and internal jugular veins on the left and right side, respectively. 9,10 These connections are the body's two major anatomic lymphovenous shunts, a term which refers to the anastomoses, be it natural or surgical, between the lymphatic system and the venous system. 11 | ANATOMIC ALLY NORMAL LYMPHOVENOUS S HUNTS | Thoracic duct and right lymphatic ductThe natural anastomosis between the thoracic duct and the subclavian vein represents a well-known anatomic lymphovenous shunt. 12 The thoracic duct (TD) most commonly originates from the cisterna

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